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This study is component subdivision of "A Blueprint for the Future of AI," a serial from the Brookings Institution that analyzes the novel challenges as well as potential policy solutions introduced past times artificial intelligence as well as other emerging technologies.
“Artificial intelligence is the future, non only for Russia, but for all humankind. It comes alongside colossal opportunities, but also threats that are hard to predict. Whoever becomes the leader inwards this sphere volition locomote the ruler of the world.”[1] – Russian President Vladimir Putin, 2017.
“A people that no longer tin believe anything cannot brand upwards its mind. It is deprived non only of its capacity to human activeness but also of its capacity to call back as well as to judge. And alongside such a people you lot tin as well as hence do what you lot please.”[2] – Hannah Arendt, 1978
Speaking to Russian students on the get-go twenty-four hours of the schoolhouse twelvemonth inwards September 2017, Putin squarely positioned Russian Federation inwards the technological arms race for artificial intelligence (AI). Putin’s comment (see above) signaled that, similar mainland People's Republic of China as well as the United States, Russian Federation sees itself engaged inwards directly geopolitical contest alongside the world’s cracking powers, as well as AI is the currency that Russian Federation is betting on. But, dissimilar the US as well as China, Russian Federation lags behind inwards question as well as evolution on AI as well as other emerging technologies. Russia’s economic scheme makes upwards less than 2 per centum of global gross domestic product compared to 24 per centum for the US as well as xv per centum for China, which puts Russian Federation on par alongside a dry reason similar Spain.[3] Despite Putin’s focus on AI, the Russian regime has non released a strategy, similar mainland People's Republic of China has, on how the dry reason plans to Pb inwards this area. The Russian government’s time to come investment inwards AI question is unknown, but reports approximate that it spends unopen to $12.5 1000000 a year[4] on AI research, putting it far behind China’s programme to invest $150 billion through 2030. The U.S. Department of Defense lone spends $7.4 billion annually on unclassified question as well as evolution on AI as well as related fields.[5]
Russia’s world corruption, decline inwards rule-of-law, as well as increasingly oppressive regime regulations accept produced a miserable trouble concern environment. As a consequence, the dry reason trails the US as well as mainland People's Republic of China inwards damage of private investment, scientific research, as well as the expose of AI start-ups.[6] In 2018, no Russian metropolis entered the top 20 global regional hubs for the AI sector,[7] despite the much-hyped opening of the “Skolkovo Innovation Center” inwards 2010, which was designed to live on Russia’s answer to Silicon Valley. Unlike Silicon Valley, Skolkovo did non spur the sort of private investments as well as project design that the Kremlin had hoped for as well as has since fizzled out. Russia’s novel venture, a “technopolis” named Era, which is laid to opened upwards inwards the autumn of 2018, at nowadays promises to live on the novel hub for emerging technologies, but it likewise is unlikely to spur Silicon Valley similar innovation.[8] It is telling that despite high-level presidential as well as administrative support, in that place is scant Russian linguistic communication academic question on AI.
It is non probable that the country’s stagnant as well as hydrocarbon-dependent economic scheme volition do much to improve the government’s might to ramp upwards investment inwards emerging technologies. In the longer term, Russia’s demographic crisis (Russia is projected to lose eight per centum of its population past times 2050, according the UN)[9] volition probable Pb to shortages inwards highly skilled workers, many of whom accept already left Russian Federation for amend pay as well as opportunities elsewhere.[10] Western sanctions on key sectors of the Russian fiscal sector as well as defence industry, which Europe as well as the US imposed afterward Russia’s annexation of Crimea inwards 2014 as well as the US has continued to ramp upwards since then, position extra draw per unit of measurement area on the Russian economy. Taken together, the economical as well as demographic trends indicate that inwards the AI race, Russian Federation volition live on unable to fit mainland People's Republic of China on regime investment or compete alongside the US on private sector innovation.
The Kremlin is undoubtedly aware of the country’s unfavorable seat inwards the global AI competition, fifty-fifty if such an admission is unlikely to e'er live on made publicly. Strategically, such a broad gap betwixt ambition as well as capacity way that Russian Federation volition demand to invest its limited resources carefully. Currently, Moscow is pursuing investments inwards at to the lowest degree ii directions: pick out conventional state of war machine as well as defence technologies where the Kremlin believes it tin soundless concur comparative wages over the West as well as high-impact, low-cost asymmetric warfare to right the imbalance betwixt Russian Federation as well as the West inwards the conventional domain. The former—Russia’s evolution as well as utilization of AI-driven state of war machine technologies as well as weapons—has received pregnant attention.[11]
AI has the potential to hyperpower Russia’s utilization of disinformation … And dissimilar inwards the conventional state of war machine space, the US as well as Europe are ill-equipped to respond to AI-driven asymmetric warfare inwards the information space.
The latter—the implications of AI for asymmetric political warfare—remains unexplored.[12] Yet, such nonconventional tools—cyber-attacks, disinformation campaigns, political influence, as well as illicit finance—have locomote a key tenet of Russia’s strategy toward the West as well as 1 alongside which Russian Federation has been able to projection might as well as influence beyond its immediate neighborhood. In particular, AI has the potential to hyperpower Russia’s utilization of disinformation—the intentional spread of mistaken as well as misleading information for the operate of influencing politics as well as societies. And dissimilar inwards the conventional state of war machine space, the US as well as Europe are ill-equipped to respond to AI-driven asymmetric warfare (ADAW) inwards the information space.
RUSSIAN INFORMATION WARFARE AT HOME AND ABROAD
Putin came to might inwards 2000, as well as since then, information command as well as manipulation has locomote a key chemical element of the Kremlin’s domestic as well as unusual policy. At home, this has meant repression of independent media as well as civil society, province command of traditional as well as digital media, as well as deepening regime surveillance. For example, Russia’s surveillance system, SORM (System of Operative-Search Measures) allows the FSB (Federal Security Service) as well as other regime agencies to monitor as well as remotely access internet service provider servers as well as communications without the ISPs’ knowledge.[13] In 2016, a novel bundle of laws, the so-called Yarovaya amendments, required telecom providers, social media platforms, as well as messaging services to shop user information for 3 years as well as allow the FSB access to users’ metadata as well as encrypted communications.[14] While in that place is footling known information on how Russian intelligence agencies are using these data, their real collection suggests that the Kremlin is experimenting alongside AI-driven analysis to seat potential political dissenters. The regime is also experimenting alongside facial recognition technologies inwards conjunction alongside CCTV. Moscow lone has unopen to 170,000 cameras, at to the lowest degree 5,000 of which accept been outfitted alongside facial recognition engineering scientific discipline from NTechLabs.[15]
Still, Moscow’s capacity to command as well as surveil the digital domain at habitation remains limited, every bit exemplified past times the battle betwixt the messaging app Telegram as well as the Russian regime inwards early on 2018. Telegram, 1 of the few homegrown Russian tech companies, refused to manus over its encryption keys to the FSB inwards early on 2018.[16] What followed was a haphazard regime endeavour to ban Telegram past times blocking tens of millions of IP addresses, which led to massive disruptions inwards unrelated services, such every bit cloud providers, online games, as well as mobile banking apps. Unlike Beijing, which has effectively sought to censor as well as command the meshing every bit novel technologies accept developed, Moscow has non been able to implement similar controls preemptively. The final result is that fifty-fifty a relatively modest fellowship similar Telegram is able to outmaneuver as well as embarrass the Russian state. Despite such setbacks, however, Moscow seems laid to locomote along on a path toward “digital authoritarianism”—using its increasingly unfettered access to citizens’ personal information to create amend microtargeting capabilities that heighten social control, censor deportment as well as speech, as well as curtail counter-regime activities.[17]
Under Putin, Cold War-era “active measures”—overt or covert influence operations aimed at influencing world thought as well as politics abroad—have been revived as well as adapted to the digital age.
Externally, Russian information warfare (informatsionaya voyna) has locomote component subdivision as well as parcel of Russian strategic thinking inwards unusual policy. Moscow has long seen the West every bit involved inwards an information state of war against it—a notion enshrined inwards Russia’s 2015 national safety strategy, which sees the US as well as its allies every bit seeking to contain Russian Federation past times exerting “informational pressure…” inwards an “intensifying confrontation inwards the global information arena.”[18] Under Putin, Cold War-era “active measures”—overt or covert influence operations aimed at influencing world thought as well as politics abroad—have been revived as well as adapted to the digital age. Information warfare (or information manipulation)[19] has emerged every bit a kernel constituent of a broader influence strategy. At the same time, the line betwixt conventional (or traditional) as well as nonconventional (or asymmetric) warfare has blurred inwards Russian state of war machine thinking. “The erosion of the distinction betwixt state of war as well as peace, as well as the emergence of a grayness zone” has been 1 of the most boom developments inwards the Russian approach to warfare, according to Chatham House’s Keir Giles.[20] Warfare, from this perspective, exists on a spectrum inwards which “political, economic, informational, humanitarian, as well as other nonmilitary measures” are used to lay the groundwork for final resort state of war machine operations.[21] The importance of information warfare on the spectrum of state of war has increased considerably inwards 21st century warfare, according to contemporary Russian state of war machine thought.[22]
Maskirovka, the Soviet/Russian term for the fine art of deception as well as concealment inwards both state of war machine as well as nonmilitary operations, is a key concept that figures prominently into Russian strategic thinking. The theory is broader than the narrow Definition of state of war machine deception. In the conventional state of war machine domain, it includes the deployment of decoys, camouflage, as well as misleading information to deceive the enemy on the battlefield. The utilization of “little greenish men,” or unmarked soldiers as well as mercenaries, inwards Russia’s annexation of Crimea inwards 2014 is 1 illustration of maskirovka inwards state of war machine practice. So is the utilization of faux weapons as well as heavy machinery: 1 Russian fellowship is producing an regular army of inflatable missiles, tanks, as well as jets that look existent inwards satellite imagery.[23]
Maskirovka, every bit a theory as well as operational practice, also applies to nonmilitary asymmetric operations. Modern Russian disinformation as well as cyber attacks against the West rely on obfuscation as well as deception inwards line alongside the guiding principles of maskirovka. During the 2016 U.S. Presidential elections, for example, Russian citizens working inwards a troll manufacturing flora inwards St. Petersburg, known every bit the Internet Research Agency (IRA), laid upwards faux social media accounts pretending to live on existent Americans. These personas as well as hence spread conspiracy theories, disinformation, as well as divisive content meant to amplify societal polarization past times pitting opposing groups against each other.[24] The IRA troll manufacturing flora itself, spell operating alongside the knowledge as well as back upwards of the Kremlin as well as the Russian intelligence services, was founded as well as managed past times proxy: a Russian oligarch known every bit “Putin’s chef,” Yevgeny Prigozhin. Concord, a catering fellowship controlled past times Prigozhin, was the principal funder as well as director of the IRA, as well as it went to cracking lengths to conceal the company’s involvement, including the setting upwards a spider web of 14 banking concern accounts to transfer funding to the IRA.[25] Such obfuscation tactics were designed to conceal the truthful rootage as well as goals of the influence operations inwards the United Stated spell allowing the Kremlin to retain plausible deniability if the operations were uncovered—nonconventional maskirovka inwards practice.
On the whole, Russia’s limited fiscal resources, the shift inwards strategic thinking toward information warfare, as well as the continued prevalence of maskirovka every bit a guiding regulation of engagement, strongly advise that inwards the close term, Moscow volition ramp upwards the evolution of AI-enabled information warfare. Russian Federation volition non live on the driver or innovator of these novel technologies due its fiscal as well as human upper-case missive of the alphabet constraints. But, every bit it has already done inwards its attacks against the West, it volition locomote along to co-opt existing commercially available technologies to serve every bit weapons of asymmetric warfare.
AI-DRIVEN ASYMMETRIC WARFARE
The Kremlin’s greatest project design inwards its information operations against the West has non been technical. Rather, Moscow’s savviness has been to recognize that: (1) ready-made commercial tools as well as digital platforms tin live on easily weaponized; as well as (2) digital information warfare is cost-effective as well as high-impact, making it the perfect weapon of a technologically as well as economically weak power. AI-driven asymmetric warfare (ADAW) capabilities could furnish Russian Federation alongside additional comparative advantage.
Digital information warfare is cost-effective as well as high-impact, making it the perfect weapon of a technologically as well as economically weak power.
U.S. regime as well as independent investigations into Russia’s influence motion against the US during the 2016 elections reveal the depression toll of that effort. Based on publicly available information,[26] nosotros know that the Russian exertion included: the buy of ads on Facebook (estimated toll $100,000)[27] as well as Google (approximate toll $4,700), laid upwards of unopen to 36,000 automated bot accounts on Twitter, functioning of the IRA troll farm (estimated toll $240,000 over the class of ii years)[28], an intelligence gathering trip carried out past times ii Russian agents posing every bit tourists inwards 2014 (estimated toll $50,000)[29], production of misleading or divisive content (pictures, memes, etc.), plus additional costs related to the cyber attacks on the Democratic National Committee as well as the Clinton campaign. In sum, the total known toll of the most high-profile influence functioning against the US is probable about 1 1000000 dollars.
The relatively depression story of investment produced high returns. On Facebook alone, Russian linked content from the IRA reached 125 1000000 Americans.[30] This is because the Russian strategy relied on ready-made tools designed for commercial online marketing as well as advertising: the Kremlin but used the same online advertising tools that companies would utilization to sell as well as promote its products as well as adapted them to spread disinformation. Since the U.S. operation, these tools as well as others accept evolved as well as nowadays novel opportunities for far to a greater extent than damaging but increasingly low-cost as well as difficult-to-attribute ADAW operations.
Three threat vectors inwards particular require immediate attention. First, advances inwards deep learning are making synthetic media content quick, cheap, as well as slow to produce. AI-enabled well as well as video manipulation, so-called “deep fakes,” is already available through easy-to-use apps such every bit Face2Face,[31] which allows for 1 person’s expressions to live on mapped onto some other human face inwards a target video. Video to Video Synthesis[32] tin synthesize realistic video based a baseline of inputs. Other tools tin synthesize realistic photographs of AI-rendered faces, reproduce videos as well as well of whatever basis leader,[33] as well as synthesize street scenes to look inwards a different season.[34] Using these tools, mainland People's Republic of China lately unveiled an AI made word anchor.[35] As the barriers of entry for accessing such tools locomote along to decrease, their appeal to low-resource actors volition increase. Whereas most Russian disinformation content has been static (e.g., mistaken word stories, memes, graphically designed ads), advances inwards learning AI volition plow disinformation dynamic (e.g. video, audio).
Because well as well as video tin easily live on shared on smart phones as well as do non require literacy, dynamic disinformation content volition live on able to achieve a broader audience inwards to a greater extent than countries. For example, inwards India, mistaken videos shared through Whatsapp incited riots as well as murders.[36] Unlike Facebook or Twitter, Whatsapp (owned past times Facebook) is an end-to-end encrypted messaging platform, which way that content shared via the platform is basically unmonitored as well as untraceable. The “democratization of disinformation” volition arrive hard for governments to counter AI-driven disinformation. Advances inwards machine learning are producing algorithms that “continuously larn how to to a greater extent than effectively replicate the appearance of reality,” which way that “deep fakes cannot easily live on detected past times other algorithms.”[37]
Russia, China, as well as others could harness these novel publicly available technologies to undermine Western soft might or world diplomacy efforts about the world. Debunking or attributing such content volition require far to a greater extent than resources than the toll of production, as well as it volition live on hard if non impossible to do hence inwards existent time.
Second, advances inwards affective computing as well as natural linguistic communication processing volition arrive easier to manipulate human emotions as well as extract sensitive information without e'er hacking an e-mail account. In 2017, Chinese researchers created an “emotional chatting machine” based on information users shared on Weibo, the Chinese social media site.[38] As AI gains access to to a greater extent than personal data, it volition locomote increasingly customized as well as personalized to appeal to as well as manipulate specific users. Coupled alongside advances inwards natural learning processing, such every bit vocalism recognition, this way that affective systems volition live on able to mimic, respond to, as well as predict human emotions expressed through text, voice, or facial expressions. Some evidence suggests that humans are quite willing to cast personal relationships, part deeply personal information, as well as interact for long periods of fourth dimension alongside AI designed to cast relationships.[39] These systems could live on used to assemble information from high value targets—such every bit intelligence officers or political figures—by exploiting their vices as well as patterns of behavior.
Advances inwards affective computing as well as natural linguistic communication processing volition arrive easier to manipulate human emotions as well as extract sensitive information without e'er hacking an e-mail account.
Third, deep fakes as well as emotionally manipulative content volition live on able to achieve the intended audience alongside a high story of precision due to advances inwards content distribution networks. “Precision propaganda” is the laid of interconnected tools that comprise an “ecosystem of services that enable highly targeted political communications that achieve millions of people alongside customized messages.”[40] The total orbit of this ecosystem, which includes information collection, advertising platforms, as well as search engine optimization, aims to parse out audiences inwards granular item as well as seat novel receptive audiences volition live on “supercharged” past times advances inwards AI. The content that users meet online is the halt production of an underlying multi-billion dollar manufacture that involves thousands of companies that piece of job together to assess individuals’ preferences, attitudes, as well as tastes to ensure maximum efficiency, profitability, as well as real-time responsiveness of content delivery. Russian operations (as far every bit nosotros know), relied on the most basic of these tools. But, every bit Ghosh as well as Scott suggest, a to a greater extent than advanced functioning could utilization the total suite of services utilized past times companies to runway political attitudes on social media across all congressional districts, analyze who is most probable to vote as well as where, as well as and hence launch, nigh instantly, a customized motion at a highly localized story to discourage voting inwards the most vulnerable districts. Such a campaign, due to its highly personalized structure, would probable accept pregnant impact on voting behavior.[41]
Once the precision of this distribution ecosystem is paired alongside emotionally manipulative deep faux content delivered past times online entities that look to live on human, the line betwixt fact as well as fiction volition cease to exist. And Hannah Arendt’s prediction of a basis inwards which in that place is no truth as well as no trust may soundless come upwards to pass.
RESPONDING TO AI-DRIVEN ASYMMETRIC WARFARE
Caught past times surprise past times Russia’s influence operations against the West, governments inwards the US as well as Europe are at nowadays establishing processes, agencies, as well as laws to respond to disinformation as well as other forms of state-sponsored influence operations.[42] However, these initiatives, spell long overdue, volition non address the side past times side generation of ADAW threats emanating from Russian Federation or other actors. So far, Western attempts to deter Russian malign influence, such every bit economical sanctions, accept non changed Russian behavior: cyber-attacks, intelligence operations, as well as disinformation attacks accept continued inwards Europe as well as the United States.
To acquire ahead of AI-driven hyper war,[43] policymakers should focus on designing a deterrence strategy for nonconventional warfare.[44]
The get-go stair toward such a strategy should live on to seat as well as and hence seek to remedy the information asymmetries betwixt policymakers as well as the tech industry. In 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense launched the Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) to fund the evolution of novel technologies alongside defence implications.[45] DIU’s mission could live on expanded to also focus on airplane pilot AI question as well as evolution into tools to seat as well as counter dynamic disinformation as well as other asymmetric threats.
The U.S. Congress established an AI Caucus co-chaired past times Congressman John Delaney as well as Congressman Pete Olsen. The Caucus should arrive a priority to locomote past times legislation to laid the U.S. government’s strategy on AI, much similar China, France, as well as the European Union accept done. The Future of Intelligence Act, introduced inwards 2017, begins this process, but it should live on expanded to include asymmetric threats as well as incorporated into the broader national safety strategy as well as the National Defense Authorization Act. Such legislation should also mandate an immediate review of the electrical flow tools the U.S. regime has to respond to an advanced disinformation attack. Part of the review should include a report, inwards both classified as well as unclassified versions, on investments inwards AI question as well as evolution across the U.S. regime as well as the preparedness of diverse agencies inwards responding to time to come attacks. As attribution becomes to a greater extent than difficult, such a study should also recommend a laid of baselines as well as metrics that warrant a governmental response as well as what the nature of such a response would be.
To acquire ahead of AI-driven hyper war, policymakers should focus on designing a deterrence strategy for nonconventional warfare.
Step ii toward a deterrence strategy would involve informing the Russian regime as well as other adversarial regimes of the consequences for deploying AI-enabled disinformation attacks. Such messaging should live on carried out publicly past times high-level cabinet officials as well as inwards communications betwixt intelligence agencies. Deterrence tin only live on effective if each side is aware of the implications of its actions. It also requires a nuanced agreement of the adversary’s strategic intentions as well as tactical capabilities – Russian strategic thinking volition live on different than Chinese strategic thinking. Deterrence is non a 1 size fits all model. Policymakers volition demand to develop a to a greater extent than in-depth agreement of Russian (or Chinese) culture, perceptions, as well as thinking. To that end, the U.S. regime should reinvest, at a pregnant level, into cultivating expertise as well as preparation the side past times side generation of regional experts.
Inevitably, policy volition non live on able to maintain stair alongside technological advances. Tech companies, question foundations, governments, private foundations, as well as major non-profit policy organizations should invest inwards question that volition assess the short- as well as long-term consequences of emerging AI technologies for unusual policy, national security, as well as geopolitical competition. Research as well as strategic thinking at the intersection of engineering scientific discipline as well as geopolitics is sorely lacking fifty-fifty every bit Russia—a dry reason identified every bit a directly competition to the US inwards the 2017 National Security Strategy —prioritizes expanding its capacities inwards this area. The US is soundless far ahead of its competitors, particularly Russia. But fifty-fifty alongside limited capabilities, the Kremlin tin rapidly gain comparative wages inwards AI-driven information warfare, leaving the West to 1 time once to a greater extent than live on caught off guard.
The Brookings Initiative on artificial intelligence as well as emerging technologies seeks to institute a proper societal framework for the impending “digitalization of everything.”
FOOTNOTES
1“'Whoever leads inwards AI volition dominion the world’: Putin to Russian children on Knowledge Day,” RT, September 1, 2017, https://www.rt.com/news/401731-ai-rule-world-putin/.
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, https://innaiyaveli.blogspot.com//search?q=20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys">https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, 12See, however, Alina Polyakova as well as Spencer Boyer, The Future of Political Warfare: Russia, the West, as well as the Coming Age of Global Digital Competition, Brookings Institution, March 2018.
13James Andrew Lewis, “Reference Note on Russian Communications Surveillance,” Center for Strategic as well as International Studies, Apr 18, 2014, https://www.csis.org/analysis/reference-note-russian-communications-surveillance.
14“Overview of the Package of Changes into a Number of Laws of the Russian Federation Designed to Provide for Additional Measures to Counteract Terrorism,” (Washington, DC: The International Center for Not-for-Profit Law, July 21, 2016), http://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Russia/Yarovaya.pdf.
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, https://innaiyaveli.blogspot.com//search?q=20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys">https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, http://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/OtrasPublicaciones/Internacional/2016/Russian-National-Security-Strategy-31Dec2015.pdf.
In addition, it is of import to annotation that the oft-cited “Gerasimov Doctrine,” named for Russian General Valery Gerasimov, the Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, which lays out the strategy of “hybrid warfare,” was primarily written every bit a description of what the Russians idea the West (led past times the United States) had done during the Color Revolutions as well as the Arab Spring.
19Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer et al., “Information Manipulation: H5N1 Challenge for Our Democracies,” (Paris, France: Ministry for Europe as well as Foreign Affairs as well as the Institute for Strategic Research of the Ministry for the Armed Forces, August 2018), https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/information_manipulation_rvb_cle838736.pdf.
20Keir Giles, “The Next Phase of Russian Information Warfare,” (Riga, Latvia: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 2016), https://www.stratcomcoe.org/next-phase-russian-information-warfare-keir-giles.
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, https://innaiyaveli.blogspot.com//search?q=20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys">https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, 25UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. INTERNET RESEARCH AGENCY LLC A/K/A MEDIASINTEZ LLC A/K/A GLAVSET LLC A/K/A MIXINFO LLC A/K/A AZIMUT LLC A/K/A NOVINFO LLC et al. xviii U.S.C. §§ 2, 371, 1349, 1028A (2018). https://www.justice.gov/file/1035477/download.
26This includes the indictments from the Department of Justice’s Special Counsel Investigation, findings of the US intelligence community, disclosures made past times Facebook, Twitter, as well as Google inwards Congressional testimony as well as elsewhere, as well as investigative reports.
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, https://innaiyaveli.blogspot.com//search?q=20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys">https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, 31Justus Thies et al., “Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture as well as Reenactment of RGB Videos,” (Las Vegas, US: The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision as well as Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2016), http://www.graphics.stanford.edu/ niessner/thies2016face.html.
32Ting-Chun Wang et al., “Video-to-Video Synthesis,” arXiv, (2018), https://tcwang0509.github.io/vid2vid/.
33Supasorn Suwajanakorn, “Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio,” YouTube video, 8:00, July 11, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=201&v=9Yq67CjDqvw.
34I would similar to give thank you lot Matt Chessen for bringing these novel tools to my attention. See Ming-Yu Liu, “Snow2SummerImageTranslation-06,” YouTube video, 0:10, Oct 3, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VC0c3pndbI.
35Will Knight, “This is faux news! China’s ‘AI word anchor’ isn’t intelligent at all,” MIT Technology Review, Nov 9, 2018, https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/612401/this-is-fake-news-chinas-ai-news-anchor-isnt-intelligent-at-all/.
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, https://innaiyaveli.blogspot.com//search?q=20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys">https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, https://innaiyaveli.blogspot.com//search?q=20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys">https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17142482/russia-orders-telegram-hand-over-user-encryption-keys
17Nicholas Wright, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape the Global Order,” Foreign Affairs, July 10, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-07-10/how-artificial-intelligence-will-reshape-global-order.
18For a Russian-language version of the 2015 National Security Strategy meet “Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 декабря 2015 года northward 683 "О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Dec 31, 2015, 45“Work alongside us,” Defense Innovation Unit, https://www.diux.mil/work-with-us/companies.
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