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Options For Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems As Well As The 5 Eyes Alliance

By Dan Lee

[18] Lockie, A. The Air Force simply demonstrated an autonomous F-16 that tin wing in addition to convey out a target all past times itself. (April 12, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/f-16-drone-have-raider-ii-loyal-wingman-f-35-lockheed-martin-2017-4?r=US&IR=T

[19] Schuety, C. & Will, L. An Air Force ‘Way of Swarm’: Using Wargaming in addition to Artificial Intelligence to Train Drones. (September 21, 2018). Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2018/09/an-air-force-way-of-swarm-using-wargaming-and-artificial-intelligence-to-train-drones/

[20] Ryan, M. Human-Machine Teaming for Future Ground Forces. (2018). Retrieved from https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/Human_Machine_Teaming_FinalFormat.pdf

[21] Perrigo, B. Global Arms Race for Killer Robots Is Transforming the Battlefield. (Updated: Apr 9, 2018). Retrieved from http://time.com/5230567/killer-robots/

[22] Hutchison, H.C. Russian Federation says it volition ignore whatsoever United Nations ban of killer robots. (November 30, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-will-ignore-un-killer-robot-ban-2017-11/?r=AU&IR=T

[23] Mizokami, K. Kalashnikov Will Make an A.I.-Powered Killer Robot – What could perchance teach wrong? (July 20, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a27393/kalashnikov-to-make-ai-directed-machine-guns/

[24] Atherton, K. Combat robots in addition to inexpensive drones obscure the hidden triumph of Russia’s wargame. (September 25, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.c4isrnet.com/unmanned/2018/09/24/combat-robots-and-cheap-drones-obscure-the-hidden-triumph-of-russias-wargame/

[25] Platt, J.R. H5N1 Starfish-Killing, Artificially Intelligent Robot Is Set to Patrol the Great Barrier Reef Crown of thorns starfish are destroying the reef. Bots that wield poisonous substance could dampen the invasion. (January 1, 2016) Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-starfish-killing-artificially-intelligent-robot-is-set-to-patrol-the-great-barrier-reef/

[26] Skinner, T. Presenting, the Mosquito Killer Robot. (September 14, 2016). Retrieved from https://quillorcapture.com/2016/09/14/presenting-the-mosquito-killer-robot/

[27] Defence Connect. DST launches Wizard of Aus. (November 10, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers/1514-dst-launches-wizard-of-aus

[28] Pomerleau, M. Air Force is looking for resilient autonomous systems. (February 24, 2016). Retrieved from https://defensesystems.com/articles/2016/02/24/air-force-uas-contested-environments.aspx

[29] Boston Dynamics. LS3 Legged Squad Support Systems. The AlphaDog of legged robots carries heavy loads over stone oil terrain. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.bostondynamics.com/ls3

[30] Evans, G. Driverless vehicles inwards the armed forces – volition the potential endure realised? (February 2, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.army-technology.com/features/driverless-vehicles-military/

[31] Hambling, D. Why the U.S. Is Backing Killer Robots. (September 15, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/research/a23133118/us-ai-robots-warfare/

[32] Ministry for Culture in addition to Heritage. ANZUS treaty comes into strength 29 Apr 1952. (April 26, 2017). Retrieved from https://nzhistory.govt.nz/anzus-comes-into-force

[33] Shalal, A. Researchers to boycott South Korean academy over AI weapons work. (April 5, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tech-korea-boycott/researchers-to-boycott-south-korean-university-over-ai-weapons-work-idUSKCN1HB392

[34] Shane, S & Wakabayashi, D. ‘The Business of War’: Google Employees Protest Work for the Pentagon. (April 4, 2018). Retrieved from Source Link

Dan Lee is a authorities employee who plant inwards Defense, in addition to has varying levels of sense working with Five Eyes nations (US, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand). He tin endure establish on Twitter @danlee961. Divergent Options’ content does non comprise data of an official nature nor does the content stand upward for the official seat of whatsoever government, whatsoever organization, or whatsoever group.

National Security Situation: Options for Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in addition to the Five Eyes Alliance

Date Originally Written: September 29, 2018.

Date Originally Published: Oct 29, 2018.

Author in addition to / or Article Point of View: The article is written from the cry for of catch of Five Eyes national defence organizations. 

Background: The Five Eyes community consists of the UK of Britain in addition to Northern Republic of Ireland (UK), the U.S. (US), Canada, Commonwealth of Australia in addition to New Zealand; its origins tin endure traced to the requirement to cooperate inwards Signals Intelligence afterward World War Two[1]. Arguably, the alliance is withal critical today inwards dealing with terrorism in addition to other threats[2].


Autonomous systems may supply the Five Eyes alliance an asymmetric advantage, or ‘offset’, to counter its strategic competitors that are on rails to plain larger in addition to to a greater extent than technologically advanced armed forces forces. The query of whether or non to develop in addition to employ Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) is currently contentious due to the ethical in addition to social considerations involved with allowing machines to pick out targets in addition to apply lethal strength without human intervention[3][4][5]. Twenty-six countries are calling for a prohibition on LAWS, piece 3 Five Eyes partners (Australia, UK in addition to the US) every bit good every bit other nations including France, Germany, Republic of Korea in addition to Turkey exercise non back upward negotiating novel international laws on the matter[6]. When considering options, at to the lowest degree 2 issues must also endure addressed.

The foremost number is defining what LAWS are; a mutual dictionary is required to allow Five Eyes partners to deport an informed give-and-take every bit to whether they tin come upward to a mutual policy seat on the evolution in addition to work of these systems. Public understanding of autonomy is generally derived from the media or from pop civilization in addition to this may receive got contributed to the hype around the topic[7][8][8]. Currently in that place is no universally accepted Definition of what constitutes a fully autonomous lethal weapon system, which has inwards plough disrupted discussions at the United Nations (UN) on how these systems should endure governed past times the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCWUN)[10]. The U.S.A. in addition to UK receive got unlike definitions, which makes understanding on a mutual seat hard fifty-fifty alongside like-minded nations[11][12]. This lack of dictionary is farther complicated past times some strategic competitors using to a greater extent than liberal definitions of LAWS, allowing them to back upward a ban piece simultaneously developing weapons that exercise non require meaningful human control[13][14][15][16].

The instant number i of agreeing how autonomous systems powerfulness endure employed within the Five Eyes alliance. For example, every bit a strategic offset technology, the purpose of autonomous systems powerfulness mitigate the relatively modest size of their armed forces forces relative to an adversary’s force[17]. Tactically, they could endure deployed completely independently of humans to take away personnel from danger, every bit swarms to overwhelm the enemy with complexity, or every bit business office of a human-machine squad to augment human capabilities[18][19][20].

A failure of Five Eyes partners to come upward to a consummate understanding on what is in addition to is non permissible inwards developing in addition to employing LAWS does non necessarily hateful a stop to progress; indeed, this may supply the alliance with the powerfulness for some partners to encompass the capability gaps of others. If some members of the alliance pick out non to develop lethal systems, it may complimentary their resources to focus on autonomous Intelligence, Surveillance, in addition to Reconnaissance (ISR) or logistics capabilities. In a Five Eyes coalition environment, these members who chose non to develop lethal systems could supply back upward to the LAWS-enabled forces of other partners, providing lethal autonomy to the alliance every bit whole, if non to private fellow member states.

Significance: Communist People's Republic of China in addition to Russian Federation may already endure developing LAWS; a failure on the business office of the Five Eyes alliance to actively care this number may pose it at a relative disadvantage inwards the close future[21][22][23][24]. Further, dual-use civilian technologies already be that may endure adapted for armed forces use, such every bit the Australian COTSbot in addition to the Chinese Mosquito Killer Robot[25][26]. If the Five Eyes alliance does non either disrupt the evolution of LAWS past times its competitors, or attain relative technological superiority, it may detect itself starting inwards a seat of disadvantage during time to come conflicts or deterrence campaigns.

Option #1: Five Eyes nations operate with the United Nations to define LAWS in addition to ban their evolution in addition to use; diplomatic, economical in addition to informational measures are applied to stop or disrupt competitors’ LAWS programs. Technological offset is achieved past times Five Eyes autonomous armed forces systems evolution that focuses on logistics in addition to ISR capabilities, such every bit Boston Dynamics’ LS3 AlphaDog in addition to the evolution of driverless trucks to complimentary soldiers from non-combat tasks[27][28][29][30].

Risk: In the final result of conflict, allied scrap personnel would endure to a greater extent than exposed to danger than the enemy every bit their nations had, inwards essence, decided to non develop a applied scientific discipline that could endure of purpose inwards war. Five Eyes militaries would non endure organizationally prepared to develop, prepare with in addition to employ LAWS if necessitated past times an existential threat. It may endure also slow to closed the technological capability gap afterward the rootage of hostilities.

Gain: The Five Eyes alliance’s legitimacy regarding human rights in addition to the simply deport of state of war is maintained inwards the eyes of the international community. H5N1 LAWS arms race in addition to subsequent proliferation tin endure avoided.

Option #2: Five Eyes militaries actively develop LAWS to accomplish superiority over their competitors.

Risk: The Five Eyes alliance’s legitimacy may endure undermined inwards the eyes of the international community in addition to organizations such every bit The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, the UN, in addition to the International Committee of the Red Cross. Public sentiment inwards some partner nations may increasingly disapprove of LAWS evolution in addition to use, which could fragment the alliance inwards a similar mode to the Australia, New Zealand in addition to U.S. Security Treaty[31][32].

The declared evolution in addition to work of LAWS may catalyze a resource-intensive international arms race. Partnerships betwixt authorities in addition to academia in addition to manufacture may also endure adversely affected[33][34].

Gain: Five Eyes nations avoid a technological disadvantage relative to their competitors; the Chinese data get to outmanoeuvre Five Eyes LAWS evolution through the manipulation of CCWUN volition endure mitigated. Once LAWS evolution is accepted every bit inevitable, proliferation may endure regulated through the UN.


[18] Lockie, A. The Air Force simply demonstrated an autonomous F-16 that tin wing in addition to convey out a target all past times itself. (April 12, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/f-16-drone-have-raider-ii-loyal-wingman-f-35-lockheed-martin-2017-4?r=US&IR=T

[19] Schuety, C. & Will, L. An Air Force ‘Way of Swarm’: Using Wargaming in addition to Artificial Intelligence to Train Drones. (September 21, 2018). Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2018/09/an-air-force-way-of-swarm-using-wargaming-and-artificial-intelligence-to-train-drones/

[20] Ryan, M. Human-Machine Teaming for Future Ground Forces. (2018). Retrieved from https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/Human_Machine_Teaming_FinalFormat.pdf

[21] Perrigo, B. Global Arms Race for Killer Robots Is Transforming the Battlefield. (Updated: Apr 9, 2018). Retrieved from http://time.com/5230567/killer-robots/

[22] Hutchison, H.C. Russian Federation says it volition ignore whatsoever United Nations ban of killer robots. (November 30, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-will-ignore-un-killer-robot-ban-2017-11/?r=AU&IR=T

[23] Mizokami, K. Kalashnikov Will Make an A.I.-Powered Killer Robot – What could perchance teach wrong? (July 20, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a27393/kalashnikov-to-make-ai-directed-machine-guns/

[24] Atherton, K. Combat robots in addition to inexpensive drones obscure the hidden triumph of Russia’s wargame. (September 25, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.c4isrnet.com/unmanned/2018/09/24/combat-robots-and-cheap-drones-obscure-the-hidden-triumph-of-russias-wargame/

[25] Platt, J.R. H5N1 Starfish-Killing, Artificially Intelligent Robot Is Set to Patrol the Great Barrier Reef Crown of thorns starfish are destroying the reef. Bots that wield poisonous substance could dampen the invasion. (January 1, 2016) Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-starfish-killing-artificially-intelligent-robot-is-set-to-patrol-the-great-barrier-reef/

[26] Skinner, T. Presenting, the Mosquito Killer Robot. (September 14, 2016). Retrieved from https://quillorcapture.com/2016/09/14/presenting-the-mosquito-killer-robot/

[27] Defence Connect. DST launches Wizard of Aus. (November 10, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers/1514-dst-launches-wizard-of-aus

[28] Pomerleau, M. Air Force is looking for resilient autonomous systems. (February 24, 2016). Retrieved from https://defensesystems.com/articles/2016/02/24/air-force-uas-contested-environments.aspx

[29] Boston Dynamics. LS3 Legged Squad Support Systems. The AlphaDog of legged robots carries heavy loads over stone oil terrain. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.bostondynamics.com/ls3

[30] Evans, G. Driverless vehicles inwards the armed forces – volition the potential endure realised? (February 2, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.army-technology.com/features/driverless-vehicles-military/

[31] Hambling, D. Why the U.S. Is Backing Killer Robots. (September 15, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/research/a23133118/us-ai-robots-warfare/

[32] Ministry for Culture in addition to Heritage. ANZUS treaty comes into strength 29 Apr 1952. (April 26, 2017). Retrieved from https://nzhistory.govt.nz/anzus-comes-into-force

[33] Shalal, A. Researchers to boycott South Korean academy over AI weapons work. (April 5, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tech-korea-boycott/researchers-to-boycott-south-korean-university-over-ai-weapons-work-idUSKCN1HB392


[18] Lockie, A. The Air Force simply demonstrated an autonomous F-16 that tin wing in addition to convey out a target all past times itself. (April 12, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/f-16-drone-have-raider-ii-loyal-wingman-f-35-lockheed-martin-2017-4?r=US&IR=T

[19] Schuety, C. & Will, L. An Air Force ‘Way of Swarm’: Using Wargaming in addition to Artificial Intelligence to Train Drones. (September 21, 2018). Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2018/09/an-air-force-way-of-swarm-using-wargaming-and-artificial-intelligence-to-train-drones/

[20] Ryan, M. Human-Machine Teaming for Future Ground Forces. (2018). Retrieved from https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/Human_Machine_Teaming_FinalFormat.pdf

[21] Perrigo, B. Global Arms Race for Killer Robots Is Transforming the Battlefield. (Updated: Apr 9, 2018). Retrieved from http://time.com/5230567/killer-robots/

[22] Hutchison, H.C. Russian Federation says it volition ignore whatsoever United Nations ban of killer robots. (November 30, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-will-ignore-un-killer-robot-ban-2017-11/?r=AU&IR=T

[23] Mizokami, K. Kalashnikov Will Make an A.I.-Powered Killer Robot – What could perchance teach wrong? (July 20, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a27393/kalashnikov-to-make-ai-directed-machine-guns/

[24] Atherton, K. Combat robots in addition to inexpensive drones obscure the hidden triumph of Russia’s wargame. (September 25, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.c4isrnet.com/unmanned/2018/09/24/combat-robots-and-cheap-drones-obscure-the-hidden-triumph-of-russias-wargame/

[25] Platt, J.R. H5N1 Starfish-Killing, Artificially Intelligent Robot Is Set to Patrol the Great Barrier Reef Crown of thorns starfish are destroying the reef. Bots that wield poisonous substance could dampen the invasion. (January 1, 2016) Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-starfish-killing-artificially-intelligent-robot-is-set-to-patrol-the-great-barrier-reef/

[26] Skinner, T. Presenting, the Mosquito Killer Robot. (September 14, 2016). Retrieved from https://quillorcapture.com/2016/09/14/presenting-the-mosquito-killer-robot/

[27] Defence Connect. DST launches Wizard of Aus. (November 10, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers/1514-dst-launches-wizard-of-aus

[28] Pomerleau, M. Air Force is looking for resilient autonomous systems. (February 24, 2016). Retrieved from https://defensesystems.com/articles/2016/02/24/air-force-uas-contested-environments.aspx

[29] Boston Dynamics. LS3 Legged Squad Support Systems. The AlphaDog of legged robots carries heavy loads over stone oil terrain. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.bostondynamics.com/ls3

[30] Evans, G. Driverless vehicles inwards the armed forces – volition the potential endure realised? (February 2, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.army-technology.com/features/driverless-vehicles-military/

[31] Hambling, D. Why the U.S. Is Backing Killer Robots. (September 15, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/research/a23133118/us-ai-robots-warfare/

[32] Ministry for Culture in addition to Heritage. ANZUS treaty comes into strength 29 Apr 1952. (April 26, 2017). Retrieved from https://nzhistory.govt.nz/anzus-comes-into-force

[33] Shalal, A. Researchers to boycott South Korean academy over AI weapons work. (April 5, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tech-korea-boycott/researchers-to-boycott-south-korean-university-over-ai-weapons-work-idUSKCN1HB392

[34] Shane, S & Wakabayashi, D. ‘The Business of War’: Google Employees Protest Work for the Pentagon. (April 4, 2018). Retrieved from "); if(r>0) {obj0.innerHTML=s.substr(0,r);obj1.innerHTML=s.substr(r+4);}
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