SHREYA CHALLAGALLA
This brief sketches the growing involvement of the incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) authorities inwards the Indian diaspora. Over the concluding 3 years, the prime number government minister has repeatedly called attending to the role that the diaspora volition play inwards India’s evolution procedure together with inwards the advertisement of its unusual policy goals. The brief gives an overview of the policies that the introduce authorities has rolled out together with examines the benefits from, together with pitfalls of an increased focus on the diaspora. Introduction
If Atal Bihari Vajpayee, during his 1998-2004 tenure, is credited for having promoted serious engagement amongst the Indian diaspora to develop mutually beneficial linkages, electrical flow Prime Minister Narendra Modi is getting known for his enthusiasm inwards expanding those before efforts. The prime number minister’s vigour inwards this arena has been evident since the twenty-four hr menses he took constituent inwards May 2014, together with it begins amongst his populace pronouncements. In unusual trips together with outreach activities amongst India’s expatriate communities, he persuades them to “contribute to India’s growth story”.
Unlike the Indian National Congress which tends to disassociate amongst the diaspora together with views them equally largely burdensome, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) perceives the Indian diaspora equally an asset. In 1964 inwards Burma (now Myanmar), when General Ne Win nationalised all businesses inwards the country, the large Indian trading community was greatly affected. They lost their livelihoods, were denied compensation, together with equally many equally 300,000 of them were expelled from the country.[i] The Indian Government at the fourth dimension did non extend assist to the diaspora, maintaining that those events were “strictly a affair of domestic jurisdiction”.[ii] Similarly, inwards 1972, when 70,000 Indians suffered persecution inwards Idi Amin’s Republic of Uganda together with were expelled from the country, many were forced to withdraw hold asylum inwards England afterward the Indian authorities “turned a blind eye” on their plight.[iii]
Today, a unopen facial expression at the 2 parties’ manifestos inwards the run-up to the 2014 election reveals a gap inwards their outlook towards India’s expatriate communities. The BJP inwards its 2014 election manifesto made it clear that it volition locomote amongst Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) together with Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs), yesteryear adopting a proactive diplomacy strategy, to develop what it referred to equally “Brand India”. It stated that “the NRIs, PIOs together with professionals settled abroad are a vast reservoir to articulate the national interests together with affairs globally. This resources volition hold out harnessed for strengthening Brand India”.[iv] In contrast, the Congress’ manifesto highlighted the “protective” role it sees itself playing towards the diaspora. It said, “Protecting Indians overseas from exploitation or threats volition stay a paramount concern”.[v] As constituent of this larger strategy, it envisioned playing a role inwards safeguarding Tamilians inwards Sri Lanka, together with inwards establishing substitution centres for youth inwards India. As tin send away hold out gleaned from its 2014 manifesto, the Congress political party does non catch the diaspora equally a tool to leverage its unusual policy goals or inwards the evolution of India.
The Congress’ outlook towards the diaspora, equally shaped over the years, was influenced yesteryear non-alignment together with the Cold War, which was characterised yesteryear suspicion – the Indian authorities had no trust for the West, which only reciprocated the sentiment – thereby creating a hostile environs for whatever diaspora policy. In this backdrop it was non logical for them to focus on the diaspora. Recently, however, it appears from its leaders’ populace statements that the Congress political party is employing a novel approach. When political party leader Rahul Gandhi visited the U.S.A. inwards September 2017, he told a gathering of Indian-Americans to “get involved” together with assist inwards “transforming India”.[vi] During his see to Bahrain inwards 2018, Gandhi also told the diaspora that they are “important”.[vii]
Ram Madhav, BJP full general secretary, at the launch of the 2015 Indian Diaspora Investment Initiative made his party’s policy clear when he said, “They (Indian diaspora) tin send away hold out India’s vocalisation fifty-fifty patch beingness loyal citizens inwards those countries. That is the long-term destination behind the diaspora diplomacy. It is similar the way the Jewish community looks out for Israel’s interests inwards the United States”.[viii] It is hard to imagine Modi repeating the mistakes of sometime Prime Minister Indira Gandhi when Indians were expelled from Republic of Uganda inwards 1972. In general, the Congress has been happy to cutting its ties amongst those who withdraw hold left the country; the BJP tends to nurture those really ties. This brief examines the growing significance of the diaspora inwards Indian unusual policy, together with the challenges together with opportunities that follow.
Defining ‘Diaspora’
Who comprises the Indian diaspora? The term “diaspora” is derived from the Greek give-and-take diaspeirein, which way “dispersion”. Over time, the term evolved, together with forthwith loosely refers to whatever person/s belonging to a particular solid ground amongst a mutual beginning or culture, but residing exterior their homeland for diverse reasons.
The Government of Republic of Republic of India does non follow a specific definition, although it attempted to define the term inwards 2004 equally “a generic term to pull the people who migrated from territories that are currently inside the borders of the Republic of India. It also refers to their descendants.”[ix] Today, ‘diaspora’ is commonly understood to include Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) together with Overseas Citizens of Republic of Republic of India (OCI), of which PIO together with OCI menu holders were merged nether ane category — OCI — inwards 2015. Broadly speaking, for the Indian government, the diaspora encompasses a grouping of people who tin send away either line their origins to Republic of Republic of India or who are Indian citizens living abroad, either temporarily or permanently.
Diaspora is non homogenous since migration involves human mobility over multiple fourth dimension periods, encompassing a whole spectrum together with types of movements. The Indian instance of migration began inwards large numbers during the British dominion equally indentured labourers to sometime colonies similar Fiji, Republic of Kenya together with Malaysia. It continued inwards the post-independence menses amongst Indians from different social strata moving to countries similar the United Kingdom, the United States, together with Gulf countries. Today equally in that location are numerous, heterogeneous diaspora, they withdraw hold different demands of the Indian Government. The diaspora from the Gulf, for example, facial expression to Republic of Republic of India for back upward on welfare issues, patch those from wealthier nations such equally the US facial expression to Republic of Republic of India for investment opportunities. The Indian communities inwards countries such equally Republic of the Fiji Islands together with Mauritius, meanwhile, want to reconnect amongst the solid ground on cultural grounds.
As of Dec 2016, the Indian diaspora comprised roughly 31 ane chiliad one thousand people, of which PIOs were 17 ane chiliad one thousand together with NRIs were xiii million, spread across 146 countries inwards the world.[x] The US, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, Myanmar, the UK, Sri Lanka, South Africa together with Canada host an Indian diasporic population of at to the lowest degree ane one chiliad one thousand each.
Generally, the Indian diaspora is looked at equally a “model minority” together with comprises many accomplished individuals. This is specially truthful of Indians inwards to a greater extent than developed countries similar Australia, the UK together with US. As they gain prominence, both inwards price of their sheer size together with through their economical contributions, the host solid ground finds that it must pay to a greater extent than attending to the Indian expatriate communities. They are becoming increasingly visible inwards electoral politics, though silent inwards relatively little numbers. US President Donald Trump, for one, has appointed some private Indians to telephone substitution positions inside his administration, including the following: Nikki Haley equally US Ambassador to the UN; Raj Shah equally his Deputy Assistant together with Research Director; Krishna Urs equally the Ambassador to Peru; Neil Chatterjee to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; together with Vishal Amin equally Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator. In Europe, Republic of Ireland witnessed the ascent of Leo Varadkar together with Portugal has Antonio Costa, both of whom serve equally prime number ministers inwards their respective countries. Interestingly, both Varadkar together with Costa are second-generation migrants whose fathers uprooted from India— the sometime is from Maharashtra patch the latter migrated from Goa. There is also Ashwin Adhin, a Grimitiya,[1] together with the vice president of Suriname who traces his roots to Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.
Modi has effectively played to the diaspora’s emotions – they run across inwards him a adult man of action, someone who tin send away convey nearly modify inwards corruption-ridden, bureaucratic India; the same Republic of Republic of India they left many years ago. It is clear that Modi sees tremendous potential inwards the diaspora, together with is eager to run across them contribute to India’s growth story. At the 2017 Pravasi Bharatiya Divas inwards Bengaluru, Modi announced that Republic of Republic of India is moving from “brain drain to encephalon gain”, making his vision clear — that “there is only ane dream (within all of us): Bharatiyata”.[xi]
Recent Policies
The government’s initiatives towards the diaspora are two-pronged. For one, they cater to the needs of NRIs together with OCIs yesteryear providing them amongst consular services, protection together with send outreach activities to engage amongst them. At the same time, they create policies to encourage the diaspora to contribute to India’s growth through philanthropy, cognition transfers, investments inwards conception together with assistance inwards other evolution projects.
With this inwards mind, the Modi authorities has launched a string of initiatives together with repackaged old schemes such equally the ‘Know Republic of Republic of India Program’ (KIP). The concluding 3 years saw the launch of Head Post Offices equally passport centres enabling thousands to a greater extent than to apply for a passport. For those looking to locomote abroad, grooming centres together with orientation programmes are provided to develop futurity employees on relevant skills together with minimise civilization shock.[xii]
A number of policies were announced keeping inwards heed the protection of welfare together with involvement of Indians abroad. For example, the 2014 Minimum Referral Wages (MRW), applicable only to Emigration Check Required (ECR) countries, increased the minimum wage of Indian workers employed equally industrial workers, domestic servants, cleaners together with labourers. To partially trim the adventure of vulnerability from fraudulent contracts, nurses for instance tin send away forthwith only hold out recruited through ane of the half dozen province authorities placement agencies. Furthermore, inwards 2015, the Ministry of External Affairs launched the e-migrate organisation that requires all unusual employers to register inwards the database. These policies are a footstep inwards the correct management but withdraw hold faced criticism from countries similar the UAE who claim it is a “breach of our sovereignty”.[xiii]
The successful KIP, launched inwards 2003 yesteryear Atal Bihari Vajpayee, has been refashioned to include to a greater extent than participants together with sessions every year. If inwards 2006 Republic of Republic of India hosted 55 participants across 2 sessions, inwards 2017 it hosted 160 participants across iv sessions.[xiv] The incumbent authorities also launched a website that enables participants to apply online. The programme is aimed mostly at Girmitiya youth together with provides an chance for them “to amend empathise together with appreciate contemporary India, foster closer ties amongst the solid ground of their ancestors together with heighten their engagement amongst India”.[xv] Homeland visits or diaspora tourism is viewed yesteryear some scholars equally a prerequisite to contribute constructively to the abode country. In catch of the above, focusing on Girmitiya youth is effective equally most participants see Republic of Republic of India for the offset fourth dimension through the programme. Eventually, the thought is to mould them into unofficial ambassadors of India.
Other youth-centric outreach programmes include scholarships to pursue undergraduate courses inwards recognised University Grants Commission universities inwards India, equally good equally Bharat Ko Jano online quizzes that attempt the participants’ cognition of India’s heritage, history together with culture. The first quiz inwards 2016 saw the participation of some 5,000 diaspora youth.
Indeed, Prime Minister Modi is trying to realise Vajpayee’s dream of a strong Pravasi, but on a larger scale. In the many Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) that withdraw hold been organised since he became PM, Modi has been keen on wooing the diaspora. Yet it tin send away hold out argued that the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas withdraw hold almost instruct a exhibit where he entices well-off diaspora, oft neglecting those who genuinely contribute to India. The relevance together with productivity of such a celebration is hence questionable. But non for Modi, who continues to catch PBD equally an opportunity. To farther emphasise the importance of their contributions, he has dedicated a edifice inwards New Delhi to them—called the Pravasi Bhartiya Kendra. These soft tactics create an impact for a diaspora that has oft felt neglected. Yet, an increased focus on the diaspora comes amongst its ain challenges.
Opportunities together with Challenges
Perhaps ane of the greatest benefits of engaging amongst the 30-million-strong Indian diaspora has been inwards price of remittances. Republic of Republic of India was the world’s largest recipient of remittances inwards 2016, receiving US$ 62.7 billion.[xvi] Remittances assistance inwards socio-economic evolution equally it is used for the recipient family’s personal exercise (accounting for 50 percentage of household expenditure inwards rural areas), inwards temple building, together with for donations to schools.[xvii] These remittances withdraw hold played a role inwards poverty reduction patch changing consumption behavior inwards rural areas. In an Indian Economic Review survey using National Sample Survey Organisation data, the researchers betoken to the fact that remittance-receiving households were non only better-off than non-remittance-receiving households, but also that the remittance was mostly used to buy nutrient items, other consumer goods, together with healthcare.[xviii] Spending on healthcare has an of import labour marketplace implication equally it increases labour productivity. Interestingly, the same survey reported that to the lowest degree coin was spent on education, which also has implications on the labour market.
Another tangible long-term wages inwards nurturing ties amongst an active diaspora is an accelerated technological sector together with increased socio-economic development. Some examples to illustrate this phenomenon are Bengaluru, Gurugram together with Hyderabad equally thriving Information Technology hubs that non only theater multinational companies (MNCs) similar Amazon, Google, Facebook together with Uber, but also multiple Indian start-ups similar Flipkart, Ola, Swiggy together with Zoho. The authorities tin send away farther tap this transnational entrepreneurship, including back upward for entrepreneurs together with little businesses inwards Republic of Republic of India inwards the shape of technical cognition transfers together with finances from the diaspora. Authorities withdraw hold done good to ease Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) together with remittance norms. Perhaps the most mutually beneficial policy is the government’s 2015 displace to process NRI/OCI holders’ investment equally domestic investment together with non FDI.[2] This makes it easier for the diaspora to invest inwards India; the country, inwards turn, benefits equally the coin earned cannot hold out easily repatriated overseas. The mensurate is also expected to outcome inwards increased investment together with a ascent inwards inflow of unusual substitution remittance, both of which volition assistance inwards the growth of the economy.[xix]
If the authorities continues to focus on this aspect of the diaspora-homeland relationship, they are fountain to do goodness from its synergistic advantages. They deed equally of import intermediaries linking traditional evolution actors together with local communities. Diaspora’s motives to invest inwards Republic of Republic of India are inwards contrast to non-diaspora FDI. Their investment decisions are non exclusively profit-driven equally many of them want to institute a long-term base of operations inwards India. They are also amend informed of marketplace conditions, the domestic labour together with economical policies together with consequently withdraw hold to a greater extent than realistic expectations of fourth dimension frames for projection completions together with investment returns. Yet, it is of import to annotation that their determination to invest may hold out negatively influenced yesteryear their reasons for migrating. Moreover, their capacity to invest volition hold out lower than traditional sources of FDI.
A less tangible but of import wages inwards having a large emigrant grouping is “diaspora diplomacy”. Vinay Lal (2008) argues that the diaspora withdraw hold realised the value of advocacy together with says that equally the diaspora gain affluence abroad, they instruct to a greater extent than “anxious” to showcase their influence. For long, he says, their might to brand their presence acknowledged corresponded to the “visibility of Republic of Republic of India itself on the ground stage”.[xx] Moreover, for diaspora diplomacy to locomote effectively, Republic of Republic of India needs to portion proficient relations amongst that country. It is hither that Prime Minister Modi is viewed amongst enthusiasm.
For the prime number minister’s supporters, he stands to the correct of development. He is lionised yesteryear the middle class, from which many of the Indian diaspora emerge. No other Indian prime number government minister tin send away boast of a welcome similar to what he received inwards New York (2014), Sydney (2014), London (2015), Kuala Lumpur (2015) together with South Africa (2016). In each of his speeches he calls on them to instruct ambassadors of India, reminds them that “our mutual heritage makes sure nosotros stay connected inwards hearts together with minds”, that they are a constituent of a flourishing global Indian family, that they withdraw hold done extremely good for themselves, together with at the same time, reassures them that Republic of Republic of India has non forgotten her children.[xxi] This sentiment resonates amongst a mass of the diaspora.
India has enjoyed beingness viewed to a greater extent than favourably yesteryear the ground since 2014, together with the diaspora tin send away farther these perceptions. From beingness a largely inconsequential solid ground afterward Independence, inwards constituent due to its active Non-Alignment Policy, Republic of Republic of India is today seen equally a strong patch headed yesteryear a strong leader. With unusual publications writing nearly Modi equally “dynamic”,[xxii] the “most powerful leader since Indira Gandhi”,[xxiii] together with a adult man who is “restoring” India’s image[xxiv] – it is a ripe environs for exploiting diaspora diplomacy. Opinions tin send away hold out channelled through the media, think-tanks together with the press to increment the diaspora’s bargaining strength. While they for sure do non decide policy, they tin send away effectively shape it together with deed equally “bridge-builders” betwixt their abode together with adopted countries.
India’s permanent membership to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) tin send away instruct a reality amongst back upward from the diaspora. According to Article 108 of the Charter, for a United Nations reform an affirmative vote from two-thirds of its members together with back upward from the 5 permanent members is required. Republic of Republic of India has demonstrated its diplomatic influence amongst the reappointment of Justice Dalveer Bhandari to the International Court of Justice inwards Nov 2017, when it secured two-thirds of the votes at the UN. Apart from political pressures together with ministerial together with diplomatic grade lobbying, Republic of Republic of India tin send away leverage its diaspora to influence states such equally Canada together with United Mexican States to back upward India’s membership.[xxv] India’s negotiations hitting a roadblock when in that location was a “change inwards the primary negotiator nether US pressure”.[xxvi] The diaspora could give a novel impetus for Republic of Republic of India to secure its topographic point at the UNSC. Moreover, it is believed that Republic of Republic of India tin send away protect its diaspora amend ane time it attains a permanent topographic point inwards the UNSC, specially inwards situations where it tin send away practise its veto rights.
India is also a rising might together with a telephone substitution stakeholder inwards the safety dynamics of Southern Asia together with Southeast Asia. Its role inwards Eastern Asia is taking shape together with although non yet an economical power, its armed services capabilities, mutual interests together with willingness to locomote beyond rhetoric withdraw hold raised expectations of its capabilities together with the role it tin send away play inwards the region. The large populations of Indian expatriates inwards countries similar Thailand, Malaysia together with Singapore introduce an chance to nurture a growing, mutual relationship.
Yet an increased focus on the diaspora comes amongst its ain challenges. First, back upward of the diaspora is neither automatic nor continuous, together with their interests necessitate non hold out India’s priorities. For example, the Indian community inwards the US was non song plenty inwards criticising President Donald Trump’s proposal to restrain the H-1B visa programme that has benefited many Indians. Another challenge is that remittances may non ever hold out used for beneficial purposes. For instance, Republic of Republic of India faced problems due to unusual funding for extremist movements similar the Khalistan movement.[xxvii] Moreover, the diaspora is unfair inwards expecting Republic of Republic of India to stand upward yesteryear them at all times of need. This contradictory mental attitude of the diaspora together with the Indian authorities volition necessitate to hold out worked out.
In the concluding 3 years, Republic of Republic of India had to pass millions of rupees inwards rescuing Indians from crisis situations from Republic of Iraq together with Libya. Sankat Mochan, the rescue mission inwards South Sudan, for instance proved to hold out costly, but necessary for India. Similarly, the statement that the Indian mission inwards Bali, Republic of Indonesia has gear upward a helpdesk at the Bali airdrome to assistance the diaspora during the volcanic eruption volition hold out expensive both inwards price of money, fourth dimension together with personnel. Moreover, amongst the economical downturn inwards some countries inwards the Middle East, many Indians found their contracts beingness terminated—this posed difficulties for the Indian missions inwards these countries equally the affected workers had to render to India. Rescuing these workers is costly, but Republic of Republic of India rescued 4,600 workers from Saudi Oger together with Saad Group companies alone.
Second, reports advise that the e-Migrate organisation together with the Minimum Referral Wages policy withdraw hold been detrimental to Republic of Republic of India equally companies forthwith uncovering it easier to hire labour from countries similar People's Republic of Bangladesh together with Pakistan.[xxviii] It was found that inwards 2016 the number of Indian workers who went to locomote barbarous yesteryear one-half inwards Kingdom of Saudi Arabia together with yesteryear 33 percentage inwards other Gulf countries, patch the number of expats inwards the regional genuinely increased yesteryear 12.17 percent.[xxix] These statistics hint at heavily reduced remittances for Republic of Republic of India together with possibly fifty-fifty a necessitate to institute rehabilitation centres for returning workers.
Finally, in that location are other problems such equally the wealthier diaspora from the US, Canada together with the UK wanting dual citizenship together with voting rights. Meanwhile, those who contribute to a greater extent than inwards price of remittances to Republic of Republic of India from Gulf countries are wanting to a greater extent than back upward together with security.
Conclusion
Over the years, the diasporic populations withdraw hold instruct an increasingly of import factor inwards international politics. The Jewish, Chinese together with British diasporas withdraw hold recorded diverse successes inwards their instant home. The Indian diaspora, for their part, withdraw hold many of the elements required for success — they are a “model minority”, they are affluent, together with they are growing inwards number. Many of them are willing to exert their influence inwards electoral politics together with are engaged inwards multinational businesses, together with are hence highly visible. This makes for a ripe environs for Republic of Republic of India to aggressively tap on their potential.
Historically, Republic of Republic of India has benefitted from its diaspora. Two instances stand upward out: lobbying for the US-India Civilian Nuclear Agreement Bill inwards 2008, together with their remittance inflow. Today, patch in that location is to a greater extent than potential for the diaspora to contribute to India’s growth story, their success volition also hold out a reflection of the Indian government’s schemes, policies together with outreach activities toward them. Poor schemes coupled amongst ineffectual implementation volition hinder the diaspora’s contribution towards the growth of India. In the past, policies towards the diaspora withdraw hold been inconsistent together with oft followed yesteryear wretched implementation. Today, the government’s foreign-policy strategy of a strong outreach to the Indian diaspora stands out.
Yet it must hold out remembered that having a strong diaspora does non ever interpret to benefits for the abode country. Republic of Republic of India has had problems amongst negative campaigning together with unusual funding, coming from abroad, for separatist movements similar the Khalistan movement. In the backdrop of Canada Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s see to Republic of Republic of India inwards Feb 2018, multiple media outlets carried articles on the strongest back upward for the Khalistan motion coming from the Sikh diaspora inwards countries such equally Canada together with the UK.[xxx] The Indian government, patch continuing to engage amongst the diaspora equally a constituent of its unusual policy, volition withdraw hold to hold out cautious of these sensitive issues that may impact the safety of the state. The authorities volition also withdraw hold to inquire itself how much it should pamper the diaspora – how much is likewise much?
As much of India’s unusual policy aims to interpret partnerships to benefits for telephone substitution projects similar Swachh Bharat, Clean Ganga, Make In India, Digital India, together with Skill India, the diaspora has plenty of compass to contribute. Projecting the changes underway inwards Republic of Republic of India has been a focal betoken of the Ministry of External Affairs’ policy. The diaspora tin send away footstep upward together with deed equally Indian ‘ambassadors’, equally it is insufficient together with ineffective for a solid ground or its missions abroad to rely only on press releases to modify populace opinion. The diaspora tin send away render the requisite strategic impulse, which makes it all the to a greater extent than of import to unlock their potential. The introduce authorities is correct inwards their focus on the diaspora equally they are a strategic property to India.
About the Author
Shreya Challagalla is a graduate of International Studies together with Journalism from FLAME University, Pune, together with is a Research Fellow at Republic of Republic of India Foundation. She worked amongst ORF from September to Dec 2017.
Endnotes
[1] ‘Girmitiya’ is derived from the give-and-take ‘girmit’ pregnant agreement. The give-and-take ‘Girmitya’ refers to indentured labourers of Indian beginning who were forced to instruct out Republic of Republic of India inwards the 19th century to locomote equally labourers inwards British colonies about the ground such equally Republic of the Fiji Islands together with Mauritius. The term is also used to refer to their descendants. The KIP programme is aimed at Girmitya youth together with non recent migrants, equally the sometime had commonly lost all contact amongst India, dissimilar the latter who are to a greater extent than oft than non silent connected to their abode country.
[2] This is inwards reference to Schedule 4 of FEMA (Transfer or Issue of Security yesteryear Persons Resident Outside India) Regulations where NRIs together with OCI menu holders’ investment is grouped nether “domestic investment at par amongst investment made yesteryear residents” together with on a non-repatriable basis. The mensurate is expected to outcome inwards increased investment together with increased inflow of unusual substitution remittance, both of which volition assistance inwards the growth of the economy.
[i] Melvin Ember, Carol R Ember together with Ian Skoggard, “South Asian Diaspora.” Encyclopaedia of Diasporas: Immigrant together with Refugee Cultures Around the World (USA: Springer Publications, 2004) 291., Google Books.
[ii] S. Irudaya Rajan, Republic of Republic of India Migration Report 2014: Diaspora together with Development (New Delhi: Routledge, 2015)
[iii] Robert Guest, “Migrationomics: How Moving Makes Us Richer.” Borderless Economics: Chinese Sea Turtles, Indian Fridges together with the New Fruits of Global Capitalism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) 30-35.
[v] All Republic of Republic of India Congress Committee, Lok Sabha Elections 2014 Manifesto. Selp-published, AICC, 2014.
[vi] “Rahul Gandhi at Times Square: Full Text of Congress Vice President’s Speech inwards New York”. Financial Express, 21 September, 2017.
[vii] “Rahul Gandhi to Indian diaspora inwards Bahrain: You’re important, together with in that location is a serious work at home”. Financial Express, 8 January, 2018.
[viii] Sreeram Chaulia, Modi Doctrine: The Foreign Policy of India’s Prime Minister (New Delhi: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016)
[ix] Vrajlal Sapovadia, “Analyzing Indian Diaspora: Pyramid Impact on Reforms together with Migration Pattern”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive 3 April, 2015.
[x] “Population of Overseas Indians”. Ministry of External Affairs, 2017.
[xi] “Narendra Modi at Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas: Govt changing 'brain drain' to 'brain gain”. Firstpost, Jan 8, 2017.
[xii] Arun Nair, “PM Narendra Modi At Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Says Want To Turn Brain-Drain Into Brain-Gain: Highlights”. NDTV, Jan 8, 2017.
[xiv] “Details of Previous KIP”, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.
[xv] “Study Republic of Republic of India Program”. Embassy of India, Lisbon, Portugal.
[xvi] “Remittances to Developing Countries Decline for Second Consecutive Year”. World Bank, 21 April, 2017.
[xvii] M Rutten, “Migration, transnational flows together with evolution inwards India: a regional perspective” inwards Southern Asia Migration Report 2017: Recruitment, Remittances together with Reintegration, ed. S Irudaya Rajan (New York: Routledge, 2017), 19-48
[xviii] J.K Parida, S.K. Mohanty together with R.K Raman, “Remittances, Household Expenditure together with Investment inwards Rural India: Evidence from NSS Data.” Indian Economic Review (January-June 2015), 50 No. 1, JSTOR, 79-104
[xix] Vinay Lal, The Other Indians: H5N1 Political together with Cultural History of South Asians inwards America. (New Delhi: Harper Collins Publishers inwards association amongst Republic of Republic of India Today Group: 2008)
[xx] “Review of FDI Policy on NRIs, PIOs together with OCIs”. Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 21 May, 2015.
[xxi] Narendra Modi, “Narendra Modi Speech inwards Johannesburg”. Narendra Modi Website, 8 July, 2016.
[xxii] Jeffery Gettleman together with Hari Kumar, “India’s Economic Views are Piercing Modi’s Aura of Invulnerability”, The New York Times, 6 January, 2018:
[xxiii] Dean Nelson, “Narendra Modi: India’s Most Powerful Leader Since Indira Gandhi”, The Telegraph, sixteen May, 2017:
[xxiv] Nikhil Kumar, “How Narendra Modi Wants to Change India”, Time Magazine, seven May, 2017.
[xxv] “Rajya Sabha Question together with Answer – India’s Permanent Membership of UNSC”, Ministry of External Affairs, 1 December, 2016.
[xxvi] Amb (Retd) Bhaswati Mukherjee, “Distinguished Letters”, Ministry of External Affairs, 17 April, 2017.
[xxvii] Arthur G Rubinoff, “Canada’s Re-engagement amongst India”. Asian Survey Vol. 42 No. 6, JStor, (November/December 2002): 838-855
[xxix] Asif Nawaz, “How India’s Recent Migrant Policy Helped People's Republic of Bangladesh together with Islamic Republic of Pakistan Eat Into Our GDP.” Outlook India, 27 Feb 2017,
[xxx] Adrija Roychowdhury, “As Justin Trudeau visits India, a facial expression dorsum at how Khalistan motion spread inwards Canada”, The Indian Express, 23 February, 2018.
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