Since the kickoff of 2018, a serial of reports were issued yesteryear German linguistic communication security authorities demonstrating the evolution of national counter-terrorism policies since the Berlin truck assault inwards Dec 2016, which clearly marked a turning dot inwards Germany's approach to the threat posed yesteryear Islamist terrorists. The first off component of this briefing provides an overview of of late implemented counter-terrorism strategies in addition to the 2d component outlines some challenges inwards relation to women in addition to kid returnees from areas (formerly) controlled yesteryear jihadists.
According to the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, the first off reports of European residents traveling abroad to bring together a terrorist grouping have got emerged inwards the summertime of 2012. The phenomenon is non new, however, for Europeans have got fought for different jihadist groups inwards the Greater Middle East since the 1980s equally Peter R. Neumann outlines inwards his 2015 bulk on IS jihadists (original title: Die neuen Dschihadisten. IS, Europa und give-up the ghost nächste Welle des Terrorismus). Although the phenomenon of European unusual fighters is non new, the number of people who traveled to Republic of Iraq or Syrian Arab Republic for terrorist activities has increased significantly inwards recent years. To clarify, European unusual fighters are non necessarily European nationals but unremarkably have got spent most of their lives inwards a European country. Additionally, the term 'Islamic State' or 'IS' is used inwards this briefing inwards its broadest feel to refer to all Salafist jihadist terrorist groups currently operating inwards Syrian Arab Republic in addition to Iraq. Although most European unusual fighters back upward indeed the Islamic State organization, some European jihadists nevertheless bring together other groups such equally Al-Nusra Front.
The most recent information regarding the number of German linguistic communication unusual fighters (FF) were published yesteryear the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz) on Feb 9, 2018. Thus, at that spot are currently 970 people known to security authorities who left FRG to back upward IS or other terrorist groups inwards Republic of Iraq or Syria. Around 150 people are assumed to have got died inwards Syrian Arab Republic or Republic of Iraq in addition to simply about a 3rd of the 970 people have got returned to FRG inwards the meantime. According to information collected yesteryear German linguistic communication security authorities published inwards a paper of the Egmont Royal Institute for International Relations, exclusively 10 % of unusual fighters returned to FRG because they wished to abandon the Islamic State. Most returnees indicated that they grew disillusioned or frustrated with their province of affairs or that they followed calls of trouble solid unit of measurement members.
With honour to the profile of German linguistic communication unusual fighters, the bulk of the 970 FF are younger than thirty in addition to close a 5th is female. 12 % of the unusual fighters are believed to have got converted to Islam. While forty % of the unusual fighters have got the German linguistic communication citizenship, forty % of FF are unusual nationals in addition to the remaining xx % have got dual citizenship. In addition, most German linguistic communication FF are assumed to have got been unemployed prior to their divergence or have got been employed inwards the low-paid/skilled job sector. Two-thirds had been investigated for criminal offenses. Additionally, most unusual fighters have got been members of Salafist movements prior to their departure.
As far equally Islamist terrorists currently residing inwards FRG are concerned, SÜDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG reported that at that spot are close 720 potential Islamist terrorists ("Gefährder") countrywide, according to information provided yesteryear the province police clitoris forces in addition to the Federal Criminal Office inwards Dec 2017. Nearly one-half of the 720 Gefährder are deemed to endure high-risk individuals. In addition, most of the potential Islamist terrorists inwards FRG are inwards possession of the German linguistic communication citizenship, equally reported yesteryear ZEIT ONLINE, based on a partially classified study provided yesteryear the German linguistic communication authorities next a brief research of the far-right political political party Alternative for Germany.
The 2016 truck assault inwards Berlin marked a turning dot for Germany's security authorities in addition to their counter-terrorism strategies. In a study published inwards Oct 2017, a special investigator criticized the police clitoris forces of Berlin, North Rhine-Westphalia, in addition to Baden-Württemberg strongly in addition to revealed that grave mistakes were made inwards the instance of Anis Amri – the homo behind the 2016 truck attack. Apparently, the authorities failed to prosecute Amri, although he violated the law numerous times in addition to communicated with IS members inwards Syria. Amri was existence monitored yesteryear the security authorities but the assessment of his jeopardy potential was inadequate. The special investigator also reprimanded the collaboration of German linguistic communication authorities inwards general.
One twelvemonth after the terrorist assault inwards Berlin, the Federal Minister of the Interior, Thomas de Maizière, announced that important progress has been made inwards the struggle against terrorism. The next subdivision reviews some of the changes that were implemented inwards 2017 in addition to early on 2018; including the deportation in addition to electronic tag monitoring of potential terrorists, the storage of rider information yesteryear airline companies, the job of spy software in addition to jeopardy assessment tools used yesteryear German linguistic communication authorities.
In Feb 2017, the Federal Criminal Office published a press unloosen describing a novel jeopardy assessment tool called RADAR-iTE, which they had developed with forensic psychologists from the University of Constance. The tool uses a laid of standardized questions in addition to response categories to assess an individual's jeopardy level. The assessment is based exclusively on deportment that tin endure observed in addition to information that is available on the person's lifestyle. The assessed individual is so assigned to ane of 3 jeopardy levels – high risk, conspicuous in addition to moderate risk. Based on the assessment, the relevant service tailors their intervention measures to the private accordingly. The Federal Criminal Office announced that RADAR-iTE volition endure introduced inwards summertime 2017. It was farther announced that some other jeopardy analysis scheme called RISKANT is currently existence developed to brand police clitoris intervention to a greater extent than adequate. RISKANT volition endure able to render activeness guidance specifically adapted to the perceived areas of trouble concern of high-risk individuals.
Furthermore, Germany's federal cabinet approved a pecker to regulate the job of Passenger Name Record (PNR) information for the prevention, detection, investigation, in addition to prosecution of terrorist offenses in addition to serious offense inwards Feb 2017. The directive was approved yesteryear the European Union parliament on Apr 21, 2016. The pecker obliges airlines to mitt European Union countries their passengers' information to aid the authorities to struggle terrorism in addition to serious crime. The directive was disputed for five years but objections significantly lessened after the Nov 2015 terrorist attacks inwards Paris. The pecker is to endure transposed into German linguistic communication national law in addition to to come upward into forcefulness earlier May 25, 2018. Authorities tin hand off the personal details upward to 6 months in addition to tin telephone substitution them exclusively nether strict conditions.
In June 2017, federal parliament approved a novel law regulating figurer in addition to network surveillance. This novel law volition pave the agency for the hacking of computers yesteryear authorities, the wiretapping of smartphones in addition to the monitoring of messaging applications such equally WhatsApp. WELT reported inwards Feb 2018 that the Interior Ministry authorized the potential job of a software to monitor encrypted communication on mobile phones yesteryear the Federal Criminal Office for the first off fourth dimension on Jan 10, 2018. The software FinSpy must endure installed on the device of the monitored individual in addition to tin thereby tape chats in addition to other messages, in addition to transmit them to security authorities. So far, the Criminal Police Office has never made job of the FinSpy software for investigative purposes, however.
In Nov 2017, SPIEGEL ONLINE reported that at that spot are currently 96 men inwards FRG wearing electronic tags. Those men are existence monitored yesteryear the Joint Centre for Electronic Monitoring or 'Gemeinsame elektronische Überwachungsstelle der Länder' inwards German linguistic communication (GÜL). lxx of those men are nether surveillance for having committed a sexual practice crime, 24 for vehement crimes in addition to 2 for existence potential Islamist terrorists. The legislation to enable security authorities to monitor potential terrorists via electronic shackles became effective on July 1, 2017, but has so far played a pocket-size role inwards terrorism prevention.
Moreover, at that spot have got been issues concerning the job of electronic tags, equally the next instance exemplifies: On Oct 11, 2017, a Syrian refugee classified equally potential Islamist terrorist from Bavaria flew from Hamburg to Athens – patch wearing the electronic shackles. The authorities were no longer able to locate the homo because the shackles ceased to transmit whatsoever signal after a while. It later on emerged that the authorities may have got accepted the divergence of the homo knowingly, for the airdrome police clitoris inwards Hamburg did non notify the Federal Police of the man's departure. As of Jan 24, 2018, the homo has non returned to Germany. Nonetheless, the province police clitoris of Lower Saxony conception a important extension of their terrorism prevention measures, including electronic tags for potential Islamist terrorists. The relevant legislation is to endure passed this year.
While the law to behave unusual criminals has existed for many years, security authorities have got rarely applied that law. As ESISC reported inwards Jan 2018, 36 people have got been deported inwards 2017 for posing a potential terrorist threat. In a farther 24 cases, individuals were deported non exclusively because they posed a terrorist threat but also because they had violated the law. However, deportations cannot endure carried out inwards cases where asylum seekers powerfulness confront inhumane handling inwards their abode countries. Such cases remain pending in addition to asylum seekers who cannot endure deported consequently remain inwards Germany.
German security authorities also introduced a serial of measures adapting police clitoris structures to the electrical flow terrorist threat level. The elite unit of measurement of the Federal Police, GSG9, is expanding their staffing degree yesteryear simply about a 3rd of the electrical flow personnel (the full headcount of the GSG9 is, for tactical reasons, non disclosed). In Jan 2018, GSG9 commander Fuchs explained inwards the paper FRANKFURTER ALLGEMEINE that the finish of the staff expansion is to amend their counter-terrorism operations inwards Berlin inwards damage of response time. GSG9 was created inwards 1972 equally a effect of the assault during the 1972 Summer Olympics inwards Munich, where eleven Israeli Olympic squad members were taken hostage in addition to killed (the assault was carried out yesteryear the Palestinian terrorist grouping 'Black September').
Another mensurate that is increasingly used yesteryear German linguistic communication authorities is the delivery of special identification documents for Gefährder whose passports were confiscated to foreclose them from traveling to international jihadist areas. The mensurate was already introduced inwards 2015, but its effectiveness cannot endure evaluated due to lack of data. On Jan 28, 2018, WELT reported that the federal authorities is unable to specify inwards how many cases the passports of potential terrorists were confiscated. Responding to a brief research from the Green parliamentary group, a authorities representative explained that the province government, non the federal government, is responsible for the issuance of identity documents. WELT consequently contacted the Interior Ministry of Saxony-Anhalt but the province authorities could non render whatsoever information on how many special identification documents have got been issued yesteryear them. However, it is non known if WELT contacted other province authorities; therefore, it is hard to assess how oft the province authorities employ this specific security measure.
In summary, challenges resulting from Germany's federal construction are a recurring subject inwards the assessment of counter-terrorism strategies. There are important differences betwixt private states with regards to security measures such equally the interception of telephone calls. Moreover, information protection in addition to privacy laws are comparably strict inwards Germany, which tin boundary security authorities inwards employing intervention measures significantly, although considerable progress has been made inwards that regard. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 full of 36 federal in addition to province agencies including police clitoris forces in addition to domestic intelligence services are tasked with counter-terrorism efforts inwards FRG (excluded are the prosecuting authorities, customs authorities, in addition to others). To coordinate the efforts of the private agencies in addition to to render a platform through which intelligence tin endure shared, the Joint Counter-Terrorism Center (GTAZ) was gear upward inwards 2004. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 newly formed unit of measurement within the GTAZ also provides jeopardy assessments for individuals, using the RADAR-iTE software described above. Additionally, inwards March 2018, the German linguistic communication authorities announced plans to opened upward an anti-terrorism middle inwards Berlin inwards 2020. The Special Operations Command, the Mobile Task Force in addition to the Department for Combating Islamic Terrorism, which equals a full of close 1200 employees, are all to displace to the planned center. The planned anti-terrorism middle is non exclusively a solution to the electrical flow shortage of business office infinite for the people involved inwards counter-terrorism efforts but volition also let different actors to cooperate to a greater extent than efficiently.
Having outlined of late implemented counter-terrorism strategies, the next component of the briefing addresses the challenges inwards relation to jihadist returnees. Since lilliputian is left of the Islamic State's territorial command inwards Syrian Arab Republic in addition to Iraq, German linguistic communication authorities have got go increasingly concerned with the security threat posed yesteryear returnees from areas (formerly) controlled yesteryear jihadist groups. In Dec 2017, Hans-Georg Maaßen, caput of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, told the paper SÜDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG that women in addition to children are currently returning from jihadist-controlled areas. Maaßen believes that European unusual fighters have got go concerned for their family's security in addition to thus post women in addition to children dorsum to their European abode countries. He repeatedly warned that IS kid soldiers in addition to their mothers powerfulness pose a serious security threat. Maaßen asserted that IS children are especially unsafe because they were socialized in addition to indoctrinated yesteryear Islamic State members. The next subdivision of this briefing hence focuses on the number of women in addition to children returning from jihadist-controlled areas.
It is of import to clarify that patch returning jihadists tin pose a important threat, the masterminds behind most terrorist attacks carried out inwards Europe inwards recent years never joined terrorist groups inwards Syrian Arab Republic or Republic of Iraq (a phenomenon that is oft referred to equally 'homegrown terrorism').
As outlined above, simply about 240 of the 970 known German linguistic communication unusual fighters are women. In damage of German linguistic communication unusual fighters currently inwards detention, German linguistic communication security authorities know of simply about thirty German linguistic communication IS fighters in addition to 6 children, who are currently detained inwards the Middle East after they were arrested yesteryear local, mainly Iraqi, law enforcement bodies. The German linguistic communication authorities has consular access to at to the lowest degree seven of them. WELT reported that nearly every woman individual returnee is either important or has had a kid patch residing on IS territory, which would suggest that the number of German linguistic communication IS children is non negligible. However, exact numbers on how many children were born on IS territory produce non be since children born abroad are non registered. In addition, security authorities are legally non allowed to hand off information on people younger than 14. Thus, the authorities are unable to monitor how many children nether fourteen have got left and/or returned to the country. In Jan 2018, WELT reported that German linguistic communication security authorities aspect the number of kid returnees to endure inwards the depression hundreds in addition to they assume that most of those children are real young.
Until recently, authorities carried out criminal investigations against most manlike individual returnees, patch women rarely became dependent land to criminal investigations. In Dec 2017 it was announced that henceforth prosecuting authorities volition no longer distinguish betwixt returnees on the base of operations of gender. 24 legal cases were opened against woman individual IS members inwards FRG inwards 2017. By contrast, 1007 cases were opened against manlike individual IS members inwards 2017 (notwithstanding, 564 of those cases were shut due to lack of evidence or because the crimes were non considered to compromise the national security of Germany, equally reported yesteryear SÜDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG on Jan 27, 2018). In line with a to a greater extent than repressive approach towards returning IS women, Attorney General Peter Frank announced that Federal Prosecutors are intending to prosecute to a greater extent than IS women. According to the Federal Prosecution, women fulfill an of import business office within the terrorist grouping fifty-fifty if they produce non partake inwards armed conflict, murder, in addition to torture. Peter Frank asserted that women have got strengthened the Islamic State from the inside.
A similar take in has been set frontward yesteryear Verena Schäffer, a Green Party Parliamentarian quoted inwards WELT, who stated that a high proportion of extremist women demonstrates that the motility is getting stronger. She draws a comparing to right-wing-extremist circles in addition to explains that right-wing extremist men oft abandoned their ideology when they met women exterior the extremist scene. However, equally the motility expanded in addition to started to include women, men were to a greater extent than probable to remain members of the extremist scene since their woman individual partner shared their ideology. In addition, women with extremist ideologies tin indoctrinate their children, which tin stand upward for an additional challenge. In Dec 2017, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a resolution to strengthen strategies to tackle the threat posed yesteryear IS returnees. Moreover, the resolution puts frontward that women who assist terrorists should endure prosecuted, in addition to children should endure de-radicalized in addition to re-socialized. FRG already adopted primal changes inwards its criminal code which enable law enforcement agencies to launch criminal investigations into individuals, or groups, allegedly linked to terrorist organizations. The legislation covers a wider arrive at of terrorist-related activities including membership inwards a terrorist organization, distribution of terrorist propaganda or providing preparation possibilities for terrorist organizations (non-exhaustive list).
By agency of illustration, WELT reported on Jan 26, 2018, that a Karlsruhe courtroom currently processes a instance that is a legal precedent – the instance of Sibel H. from Hesse, who could endure the first off adult woman to endure charged for IS membership patch existence imprisoned inwards Iraq. The 30-year-old adult woman traveled to Syrian Arab Republic in addition to Republic of Iraq several times inwards recent years. She is idea to endure a staunch IS supporter in addition to martyr widow. Presently, she is imprisoned inwards northern Iraq, amongst her 2d husband. Their 14-months-old boy was of late brought to FRG in addition to is straight off living with his grandfather. The kid was born on IS territory in addition to has an IS nativity certificate. Both Iraqi in addition to German linguistic communication authorities currently investigate against the parents on suspicion of having engaged inwards acts of terrorism. The trial against Sibel H. inwards Republic of Iraq is silent pending. Hence, the conviction of German linguistic communication unusual fighters on (former) IS territory is some other primal challenge that German linguistic communication authorities must address.
For instance, a instance that repeatedly made the headlines is that of a 17-year-old immature lady from Pulsnitz, province of Saxony. The immature lady received a 6-year prison theater judgement inwards Baghdad for existence a fellow member of Islamic State in addition to illegal entry into Republic of Iraq on Feb 18, 2018. Linda W. traveled to Syrian Arab Republic inwards the summertime of 2016 at the historic menstruum of 16. One twelvemonth later, she was arrested yesteryear Iraqi soldiers in addition to brought to a prison theater inwards Baghdad. Linda W. was tried yesteryear a Youth Court since she is a minor. Representatives of the German linguistic communication Embassy were reportedly nowadays during the trial. The extradition of Linda W. to FRG is considered unlikely since at that spot is no extradition understanding betwixt Republic of Iraq in addition to Germany. The Federal Foreign Office has non yet commented on the conviction of Linda W.
Linda W. was arrested amongst other women, including ii German linguistic communication women, Fatima M. in addition to Lamia K. 30-year-old Fatima M. followed her married adult man to the Islamic State in addition to does reportedly non have got whatsoever extremist sentiments, equally remarked yesteryear the Federal Criminal Office. She received a 1-year prison theater judgement for illegally entering Republic of Iraq on Feb 15, 2018.
Lamia K., a 50-year old German linguistic communication adult woman from Mannheim, was sentenced to decease yesteryear a courtroom inwards Baghdad, Iraq, inwards Jan 2018. Lamia traveled to Syrian Arab Republic with ii of her daughters inwards August 2014 to bring together the Islamic State. WELT reported at the halt of Jan 2018 that the Federal Foreign Office inwards Berlin powerfulness appeal the verdict. WELT predicts that the decease judgement could termination inwards a diplomatic scandal, should it indeed endure carried out.
Lamia's 21-year old immature lady Nadia received a 1-year prison theater judgement in addition to a monetary fine for entering the province illegally at the historic menstruum of 17, amongst her mother. The courtroom did non discover her to endure an IS supporter. Nadia married a French jihadist inwards Syrian Arab Republic in addition to later on gave nativity to a baby. Nadia, too, is imprisoned with her infant inwards Baghdad.
Nadja R., a 31-year old German linguistic communication adult woman from Baden-Württemberg traveled to Syrian Arab Republic inwards 2014 to bring together Islamic State, after leaving her children with her companion inwards Germany. In September 2017, ZEIT ONLINE published a video of her appealing to chancellor Merkel to convey her dorsum to Germany. On the video, she is seen belongings a immature baby. Shortly after arriving inwards Raqqa, Nadja married an IS soldier in addition to together they had 3 children. Nadja declares inwards the video that she does non pose whatsoever jeopardy in addition to that she is non a terrorist. Her trial is pending.
Many other European countries bargain with similar cases of returning unusual fighters. Considering the returnee number on a European level, information published yesteryear The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies shows that the returnee charge per unit of measurement is much higher inwards Northern European countries than inwards Southern European countries. This variance is probable to endure the termination of the different approaches taken yesteryear European countries inwards honour to the prosecution of returning unusual fighters. Northern European, especially Scandinavian countries, tend to focus to a greater extent than on the reintegration in addition to rehabilitation of returnees. It is believed that this 'soft' approach lowers the threshold for disillusioned jihadis wanting to render to their abode country. The prospects of returning to normal life inwards countries such equally France, which choose a to a greater extent than repressive in addition to strict approach towards returnees, are limited, especially with regards to the high probability of penalties upon return. France, for example, tin strip returning fighters of their French citizenship in addition to judgement them to long prison theater terms.
Another dot to consider is that returning to Europe is hard since traveling from Syrian Arab Republic or Republic of Iraq tin endure a challenging in addition to unsafe undertaking. Further, repressive terrorist groups such equally IS produce non tolerate desertions. Regardless, Danish unusual fighters are actively repatriated yesteryear their government. The Dutch authorities require unusual fighters to study to an diplomatic mission earlier they are existence repatriated. Compared with other European countries, Germany's returnee charge per unit of measurement is midrangeconsidering that close a 3rd of their unusual fighters have got returned (in Republic of Finland to a greater extent than than one-half of IS fighters have got returned, patch inwards Italy exclusively close 10 % have got returned). Therefore, the German linguistic communication authorities neither takes a soft approach that actively supports the repatriation in addition to reintegration of unusual fighters nor has it introduced to a greater extent than severe measures such equally stripping returnees of their citizenship.
In damage of radicalization prevention, WELT reported inwards Jan 2018 that the Joint Counter-Terrorism Center gear upward a trouble forcefulness on de-radicalization which functions equally a liaison business office betwixt security authorities in addition to province departments. The Federal Office for Migration in addition to Refugees has a counseling middle for the relatives of returnees. The authorities plans to gear upward to a greater extent than such projects. The Ministry of Family reportedly spent to a greater extent than than 100 meg € on the prevention of extremism inwards 2017. The evolution of educational de-radicalization programmes for children is also becoming to a greater extent than relevant. Yet, at that spot is no criterion physical care for inwards dealing with the children of returnees in addition to most youth services develop approaches tailored to the needs of the individual.
On a local level, security authorities currently monitor eleven woman individual Gefährder inwards North Rhine-Westphalia (and an additional 34 women who potentially back upward terrorists), equally reported yesteryear WELT on Feb 6, 2018. The province of North Rhine-Westphalia has the highest number of Salafists in addition to Islamist terrorists inwards Germany; 255 people from North Rhine-Westphalia have got left to bring together IS during the yesteryear few years, 72 of whom are women. The monitoring of women has played a secondary role until recently, so the surveillance of women inwards North Rhine-Westphalia shows that prevention efforts targeting women are deemed increasingly important.
Regarding the monitoring of children, the Interior Minister of Bavaria, Joachim Herrmann, proposed that fifty-fifty children nether the historic menstruum of fourteen should endure monitored yesteryear German linguistic communication security authorities; the legal threshold to monitor minors was lowered from sixteen to fourteen exclusively inwards 2016 equally a response to the electrical flow terrorist threat. The proposal concerning the monitoring of people younger than fourteen has so far non received much support, however.
To conclude, a complex counter-terrorism strategy has been implemented inwards the yesteryear years yesteryear German linguistic communication authorities inwards a relatively swift manner. It demonstrates that improved cooperation of the numerous actors involved inwards terrorism prevention is required to employ counter-terrorism responses effectively.
Moreover, the conviction of German linguistic communication unusual fighters inwards Republic of Iraq creates novel challenges for German linguistic communication authorities. Newspaper TAZ reported on Feb 12, 2018, that the German linguistic communication authorities volition exclusively intervene inwards cases involving convicted German linguistic communication nationals who are either underage or inwards cases where the courts transcend a decease sentence. Thus, the adjacent weeks in addition to months volition present how German linguistic communication authorities volition response to such cases, including the instance of Lamia K. who received a decease judgement in addition to the instance of 17-year-old Linda W. from Saxony. The convictions of Linda W. in addition to Lamia K. stand upward for specific challenges since at that spot are no extradition agreements betwixt FRG in addition to Iraq; the decease judgement of Lamia K. could potentially termination inwards a diplomatic scandal.
Further, German linguistic communication authorities aspect a few hundred children of German linguistic communication unusual fighters to render to Germany. So far, the authorities has exclusively returned ane kid in addition to inwards that specific case, the granddaddy sought the repatriation of the child. An number to address thus is whether children who are imprisoned amongst their parents in addition to whose relatives inwards FRG produce non actively seek their repatriation, volition render to FRG at the sole maiden of the German linguistic communication authorities - a prospect which has so far been deemed rather unlikely, although this would align with the humanitarian approach towards the children of unusual fighters which the German linguistic communication authorities has recommended.
Finally, a consolidated in addition to countrywide approach involving de-radicalization interventions has non been set frontward yet. Comprehensive strategies that include local prevention programmes to address the radicalization of immature people are also advised.
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