The Issue
Right-wing extremism inwards the U.S. appears to live growing. The number of terrorist attacks past times far-right perpetrators rose over the past times decade, doubling betwixt 2016 as well as 2017. The recent pipage bombs as well as the Oct 27, 2018, synagogue assault inwards Pittsburgh are symptomatic of this trend. U.S. federal as well as local agencies demand to speedily double downwardly to counter this threat. There has also been a ascent inwards far-right attacks inwards Europe, jumping 43 per centum betwixt 2016 as well as 2017.
The threat from right-wing terrorism inwards the United States—and Europe—appears to live rising. Of detail concern are white supremacists as well as anti-government extremists, such equally militia groups as well as so-called sovereign citizens interested inwards plotting attacks against government, racial, religious, as well as political targets inwards the United States.1 The Oct 27, 2018, Pittsburgh synagogue shooting past times Robert Bowers, as well as the arrest a 24-hour interval before of Cesar Sayoc who sent pipage bombs to prominent Democrats, look to live the most recent manifestations of this trend. Both perpetrators were far-right extremists. Although tearing left-wing groups as well as individuals also acquaint a threat, far-right-networks look to live amend armed as well as larger. There also is a continuing threat from extremists inspired past times the Islamic State as well as al-Qaeda. But the number of attacks from right-wing extremists since 2014 has been greater than attacks from Islamic extremists. 2
With the rising tendency inwards right-wing extremism, U.S. federal as well as local agencies demand to shift some of their focus as well as intelligence resources to penetrating far-right networks as well as preventing futurity attacks. To live clear, the damage “right-wing extremists” as well as “left-wing extremists” make non represent to political parties inwards the United States, such equally Republicans or Democrats. Opinion polls inwards the U.S. demo that most Republicans as well as Democrats detest terrorism. 3
Instead, right-wing terrorism unremarkably refers to the exercise or threat of violence past times sub-national or non-state entities whose goals may include racial, ethnic, or religious supremacy; opposition to authorities authority; as well as the destination of practices similar abortion.4 As Bruce Hoffman writes, right-wing terrorists by as well as large criticize the democratic state for “its liberal social welfare policies as well as tolerance of various opinion—alongside its permitting of dark-skinned immigrants inwards the national project forcefulness as well as of Jews as well as other minorities inwards positions of powerfulness or influence.” 5 Left-wing terrorism, on the other hand, refers to the exercise or threat of violence past times sub-national or non-state entities that oppose capitalism, imperialism, as well as colonialism; focus on environmental or beast rights issues; get hitched with pro-communist or pro-socialist beliefs; or back upwards a decentralized sociopolitical scheme similar anarchism.6
The balance of this brief is divided into 4 sections. The commencement examines the growth of right-wing terrorism inwards the United States. The 2nd examines its evolving nature inwards the United States, including the exercise of the cyberspace as well as social media. The tertiary assesses the challenge of far-right extremism inwards Europe. The 4th discusses policy implications.
The Rise inwards Far-Right Extremism
Terrorist attacks past times right-wing extremists inwards the U.S. receive got increased. Between 2007 as well as 2011, the number of such attacks was 5 or less per year. They as well as then rose to fourteen inwards 2012; continued at a similar grade betwixt 2012 as well as 2016, with a intend of xi attacks as well as a median of thirteen attacks; as well as and then jumped to 31 inwards 2017.7 FBI arrests of right-wing extremists also increased inwards 2018. 8
As Figure 1 highlights, most of the far-right attacks involved firearms or incendiary devices (the latter which included setting burn downwardly to targets similar mosques). These types of weapons are uncomplicated to acquire, slow to use, as well as require lilliputian preparation—especially for lonely actors. The perpetrators attacked religious figures as well as institutions, primarily Muslim or Jewish targets (31 percent); private citizens as well as holding (29 percent); as well as U.S. or unusual authorities targets inwards the United States, such equally the Forsyth County Courthouse inwards Georgia or the Mexican consulate inwards Austin, Texas (14 percent). 9
Figure 1: Weapon as well as Target Type for Right-Wing Attacks, 2007-201710
The perpetrators of these attacks were mostly white supremacists as well as “sovereign citizens.” The latter category includes a loose mixture of individuals as well as groups that exercise violence, or the threat of violence, to protestation authorities functions such equally taxation. The perpetrators mostly receive got been lonely actors as well as little networks of white supremacists as well as sovereign citizens, rather than groups. Most of these attacks either didn’t kill anyone or led to a little number of deaths. In September 2017, for example, Kenneth James Gleason, a white supremacist, was charged with shooting as well as killing Donald Smart, an African-American, inwards Baton Rouge, Louisiana. H5N1 few attacks were to a greater extent than lethal. In June 2015, Dylann Roof opened burn downwardly with a Glock .45 caliber pistol on parishioners at Emanuel Africa Methodist Episcopal Church inwards Charleston, South Carolina, killing nine people. His motivations were racist, as well as he expressed his extremist beliefs on such websites equally lastrhodesian.com.11
Two decades earlier, Timothy McVeigh orchestrated the deadliest right-wing assault inwards recent U.S. history, killing 168 people as well as injuring to a greater extent than than 680 inwards Oklahoma City. Michael Fortier, a unopen friend of McVeigh’s, remarked that “we both believed that the UN was actively trying to shape a one-world government, disarm the American public, accept away our weapons.”12 As Figure 2 highlights, betwixt 2007 as well as 2017 attacks occurred inwards virtually every state inwards the United States, from California to Texas, Florida, Virginia, as well as New York.
Figure 2: Right-Wing Terrorist Attacks inwards the United States, 2007–201713
The perpetrators of the Oct 2018 attacks were motivated past times racist as well as anti-Semitic views. Cesar Sayoc allegedly mailed thirteen packages containing improvised explosive devices (consisting of a PVC pipe, little clock, battery, wiring, as well as explosive material) to prominent Democrats.14 “He was real angry as well as angry at the world,” 1 of his onetime bosses remarked, “at blacks, Jews, gays. He e'er talked well-nigh ‘if I had consummate autonomy none of these gays or these blacks would survive.’”15 Robert Bowers, who killed xi people at the Tree of Life Jewish Synagogue inwards Pittsburgh, also was motivated past times extreme right-wing views.16 He espoused anti-immigrant as well as anti-Jewish views on Gab, a social media network that has been embraced past times white nationalists. Just before the shooting, Bowers posted a comment on his Gab describe organisation human relationship referencing the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS): “HIAS likes to convey invaders inwards that kill our people. I can’t sit down past times as well as lookout adult man my people larn slaughtered. Screw your optics. I’m going in.” 17 Many of these right-wing extremists are trying to live less visible as well as less conspicuous. The goal is to avoid the classic skinhead appearance of shaved heads, steel-toe scrap boots, as well as other clothe that powerfulness live obvious to law enforcement. xviii Islamic extremists receive got developed similar tactics, trimming their beards as well as wearing Western-style clothes to avoid detection from law enforcement as well as intelligence agencies equally they plot terrorist attacks. 19White supremacist Ben Daley instructed his supporters to have on vesture similar polo-style shirts as well as khakis, equally good equally to larn clean-cut armed services haircuts.
As Daley wrote inwards 1 private Facebook message intercepted past times the FBI, “If you lot are all the same inwards LA expanse it’ll belike live me coming together upwards with you. We go for the implicit expect hence you’ll receive got to alter your [style] upwards a fleck when your with us.”
His associate responded, “Yea that’s fine [I] tin grow my pilus out if demand be, drib the boots as well as braces expect etc.”
Daley replied using a symbol for “okay” as well as and then remarked, “Trust I did it for a long fourth dimension besides but ultimately the 80s inwards that mode of nationalism proved to live ineffective … [I] recollect its fourth dimension to reimagine the nationalist expect as well as playbook, nosotros receive got larn predictable that needs to change.”20
In some other Facebook post, Daley noted, “I would live mindful of proverb anything that could live misconstrued equally a telephone phone to violence. I know people who literally receive got feds demo upwards at at that spot door over posts. [J]ust nutrient for thought. Trust I’m non speaking inwards damage of morality rather practicality.” 21
Factors Driving Far-Right Extremism
Why is at that spot a ascent inwards far-right attacks? Several factors may receive got contributed to this growth.
First, right-wing extremists are increasingly using the cyberspace as well as social media to number propaganda statements, coordinate preparation (including scrap training), organize move to attend protests as well as other events, enhance funds, recruit members, as well as communicate with others. The cyberspace as well as social media render an unparalleled chance to accomplish a broader audience, which is why Islamic extremists receive got done the same. As 1 Islamic State defector noted, “The media people are to a greater extent than of import than the soldiers…Their monthly income is higher. They receive got amend cars. They receive got the powerfulness to encourage those within to contend as well as the powerfulness to convey to a greater extent than recruits to the Islamic State.” 22 In improver to the Islamic State, other Salafi-jihadist organizations similar al-Qaeda receive got used social media to recruit, radicalize, enhance funds, intimidate, as well as communicate with members as well as the public.
Right-wing networks receive got used Twitter (with hashtags similar #nationalist as well as #ultraright inwards Twitter posts), posted videos on YouTube, established Facebook pages, created Instagram accounts, as well as communicated on social media sites similar Gab as well as through Voice over Internet Protocol applications similar Discord. Some receive got fifty-fifty sprayed graffiti on neighborhood walls to advertise their white supremacist ideology. In addition, websites similar the Daily Stormer rest influential amidst many neo-Nazi as well as white supremacy activists.23Social media sites receive got been littered with phrases similar the Fourteen Words (also referred to equally the fourteen or 14/88) coined past times white supremacist David Lane, a founding fellow member of the grouping the Order. The Fourteen Words includes variations like: “We must secure the existence of our people as well as a futurity for white children.” 24
Second, right-wing extremists are increasingly traveling overseas to run into as well as commutation views with likeminded individuals. [5] In the outflow of 2018, for example, several members of the Rise Above Movement (or RAM)—Robert Rundo, Ben Daley, as well as Michael Miselis—traveled to Germany, Ukraine, as well as Italia to celebrate Adolf Hitler’s birthday as well as to run into with members of European white supremacist groups. RAM is a white supremacist grouping headquartered inwards southern California. Its members posted photographs on their Instagram accounts of their Europe trip with the RAM logo as well as words similar “RAPEFUGEES ARE NOT WELCOME HERE” as well as “REVOLT AGAINST MODERN … ACTIVISIM-ATHLETICS-VIRTUE … RIGHT SIDE.” 26 In Ukraine, RAM members met with groups similar the Azov Battalion, a paramilitary unit of measurement of the Ukrainian National Guard, which the FBI says is associated with neo-Nazi ideology. The Azov Battalion also is believed to live preparation as well as radicalizing white supremacist organizations based inwards the United States. 27 These unusual connections render U.S.-based groups with an chance to improve their tactics, develop amend counter-intelligence techniques, harden their extremist views, as well as broaden their global networks.
Third, right-wing extremism has been energized over the past times decade past times several issues. Some were infuriated past times the election of an African-American, Barack Obama, equally president. As 1 U.S. Department of Homeland Security assessment concluded shortly afterward the election, “Rightwing extremists receive got capitalized on the election of the commencement African American president, as well as are focusing their efforts to recruit novel members, mobilize existing supporters, as well as broaden their range as well as appeal through propaganda, but they receive got non yet turned to assault planning.” 28 Others receive got been incensed well-nigh a perceived rising tide of immigration to the U.S. from countries similar United Mexican States as well as Syria.
Still others receive got been inspired past times President Donald Trump, equally noted inwards Department of Justice criminal complaints as well as indictments. On March 25, 2017, RAM members attended a “Make America Great Again” rally inwards Huntington Beach, California as well as fought protesters. They carried signs similar “DEFEND AMERICA” as well as “Da Goyim Know” (a phrase used past times some white supremacists to refer to a supposed Jewish conspiracy to command basis affairs). 29After the rally, the Daily Stormer published an article titled “Trumpenkriegers Physically Remove Antifa Homos inwards Huntington Beach.” thirty The give-and-take “antifa” refers to a mix of left-wing as well as anti-fascist militant networks.
As an FBI special agent explained inwards a criminal complaint, “based on my preparation as well as experience, I know that ‘Trumpenkriegers’ is intended to intend ‘Fighters for Trump.’” 31While the election of President Trump has energized some right-wing extremists, Trump’s election does non fully explicate this trend. The commencement notable increment inwards right-wing terrorist attacks over the past times decade occurred inwards 2012—from 1 assault inwards 2011 to fourteen inwards 2012—four years before President Trump was elected.
Far-Right Extremism inwards Europe
Like the United States, Europe faces a growing threat from extreme right-wing groups. As Figure iii highlights, extreme right-wing attacks receive got significantly increased—from 0 inwards 2012 to nine inwards 2013; 21 inwards 2016; as well as thirty inwards 2017. 32 European Union Security Commissioner Sir Julian King has expressed serious concern well-nigh the “growing menace” of right-wing extremism: “I’d only similar to respite for 1 instant on this. I’m non aware of a unmarried European Union fellow member state that is non affected inwards some way past times right-wing tearing extremism.” 33 In 2011, 77 died inwards a serial of attacks past times a lonely right-wing extremist inwards Oslo as well as the isle of Utoya. Violent groups include the Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD, Identitarian Movement Germany) as well as supporters of the Reich Citizen ideology inwards Germany; the Generace Identity (Generation of Identity) displace as well as the Pro-Vlast displace inwards the Czech Republic; Soldiers of Odin inwards Belgium; as well as the Blood & Honour organisation inwards Portugal. 34
Figure 3: Extreme Right-Wing Attacks inwards Europe, 2012–2017 35
In the UK, extreme right-wing groups receive got non presented a important terrorism threat until recently, partly inwards reply to rising domestic concerns well-nigh refugees as well as asylum-seekers from countries similar Syrian Arab Republic as well as Afghanistan. In 2016 as well as 2017, the UK banned the far-right groups National Action, Scottish Dawn, as well as National Socialist Anti-Capitalist Action nether the Terrorism Act 2000. 36 There also receive got been several right-wing attacks inwards the UK. Examples include the June 2017 killing of 1 private past times Darren Osborne at the Finsbury Park Mosque, as well as the June 2016 assassination of UK Labour Member of Parliament Jo Cox past times Thomas Mair. Some extreme right-wing individuals as well as groups pose a detail threat because they receive got stockpiled firearms as well as developed the capability to ready improvised explosive devices. 37 As the UK authorities concluded inwards 2018, “We assess the threat from extreme right-wing terrorism is growing.” 38 The threat from extreme right-wing groups as well as individuals is probable to a greater extent than acuate inwards the UK than anywhere else inwards Europe. As the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation concluded, “Five foiled, failed or completed terrorist attacks attributed to rightwing extremists (RWE) were reported for 2017: all of them past times the UK.” 39 In 2017 as well as early on 2018, the UK arrested 27 individuals on suspicion of existence a fellow member of National Action, fifteen of whom were charged with terrorism offenses. In addition, the British domestic intelligence agency, MI5, as well as the police pull disrupted nearly a half-dozen right-wing terrorist plots inwards the UK inwards the commencement one-half of 2018. 40
France also has experienced isolated acts of far-right extremism. In June 2018, for example, French authorities arrested 10 suspected far-right extremists—including a retired police pull officeholder as well as a retired soldier—from the grouping Action des Forces Opérationnelles who allegedly were plotting to assault Muslims. They had stockpiled rifles, handguns, homemade grenades, as well as ammunition some Paris, the Mediterranean isle of Corsica, as well as the western Charentes-Maritimes region. 41 Unlike the Finsbury Park assault inwards the UK, the Action des Forces Opérationnelles plotters claimed they were “only” planning to assault jihadists, radical preachers, as well as “radicalized individuals”—yet their Definition of “radicalized” individuals included women wearing veils.
Much similar inwards the United States, right-wing networks as well as individuals receive got broadened their contacts inwards other countries, particularly inwards Europe as well as North America. In addition, right-wing extremists also receive got increasingly leveraged the cyberspace as well as social media. As the German linguistic communication Ministry of Interior concluded:
The Internet has larn the most of import propaganda tool inwards the right-wing extremist scene. As before long equally right-wing extremist organisations start planning large-scale populace actions or launch campaigns, they almost without exception exercise the Internet to spread the news. Designated websites, social media profiles, online flyers, as well as images, texts as well as video clips posted on the Internet are key elements of their online campaigns. Since the right-wing extremist scene began using the Internet, its basic methodology has been to openly demo its presence as well as disseminate on the 1 manus as well as to shift its communications as well as criminal demeanour to protected, non-public areas of the Internet on the other. 42
Policy Implications
Right-wing extremism is zilch novel inwards the United States. After the Civil War, President Ulysses S. Grant conducted an aggressive—and ultimately successful—campaign against the Ku Klux Klan as well as its offshoots (such equally the Knights of the White Camellia) from the 1860s to the 1870s. Grant deployed federal soldiers to arrest Klan members, enlisted U.S. attorneys to essay their cases, supported Congressional legislation similar the Ku Klux Klan Act, as well as organized federal judges to oversee Klan trials. 43 For much of the twentieth century, the FBI as well as local law enforcement agencies effectively penetrated as well as dismantled dozens of right-wing terrorist groups, such equally the Order as well as the Covenant, Sword, as well as Arm of the Lord. 44 In the 1990s, right-wing groups were energized some issues similar gun control, complimentary merchandise agreements, perceived authorities infringement on civil liberties, as well as social issues such equally abortion, immigration, as well as same-sex marriage. 45 Following the Apr 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, the FBI as well as local law enforcement agencies 1 time to a greater extent than successfully infiltrated far-right networks as well as arrested their leadership.
Yet far-right extremism persists. The Turner Diaries, a 1978 novel written past times William Pierce nether the pseudonym Andrew Macdonald, has been influential inwards far-right circles. It describes a serial of events that begins with a white supremacist armed services revolution as well as culminates inwards a race war, world-wide nuclear war, as well as extermination of Jews, gays, as well as non-whites. 46 Anti-government activist as well as white supremacist Louis Beam advocated an organizational construction that he termed “leaderless resistance” to target the U.S. government. As Beam noted, “Utilizing the Leaderless Resistance concept, all individuals as well as groups operate independently of each other, as well as never written report to a fundamental headquarters or unmarried leader for direction or instruction, equally would those who belong to a typical pyramid organization.” 47 Beam’s leaderless resistance concept remains inspiring to some right-wing extremists as well as partially explains why much of the far-right threat comes from lonely actors as well as little networks—rather than large groups.
Today, some inwards the Department of Justice, Department of Homeland Security, FBI, as well as state as well as local law enforcement agencies receive got expressed warning at far-right extremism. The Trump Administration’s counterterrorism strategy, released inwards Oct 2018, warned that the U.S. faces a threat from individuals motivated past times types of tearing extremism other than radical Islam, “such equally racially motivated extremism, beast rights extremism, environmental extremism, sovereign citizen extremism, as well as militia extremism.” 48 In Apr 2018, federal authorities charged 57 members of white supremacist organizations with drug trafficking as well as kidnapping. 49 As U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions remarked next the arrest, “Not only make white supremacist gangs subscribe to a repugnant, intend ideology, they also engage inwards significant, organized as well as tearing criminal activity.” He continued that “the Department of Justice has targeted every tearing criminal gang fellow member inwards the United States. The quantities of drugs, guns, as well as money seized inwards this instance are staggering.” 50
The challenge right away is to devote sufficient attending as well as resources to halt the farther ascent of right-wing extremism. 51 The goal should live to convey far-right activity to a manageable grade as well as to forestall attacks. Several steps are important.
First, federal, state, as well as local agencies demand to focus on the ascent of right-wing extremism. As noted earlier, the number of right-wing terrorist attacks is right away greater than the number of Islamic extremist attacks. Europe’s evolving terrorism threat has led to a reapportionment of counterterrorism resources. In the UK, the authorities gave the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre, the domestic spy way MI5, as well as the police pull to a greater extent than resources to collect intelligence on—and arrest—right-wing terrorists. The FBI as well as Joint Terrorism Task Forces, which atomic number 82 terrorism investigations across the United States, receive got been focused on the threat from Sunni jihadists as well as Shia groups similar Hezbollah.
Penetrating far-right networks, identifying extremists on social media forums, as well as arresting terrorists before they assault won’t live easy. Most right-wing extremists are lonely actors. Even the alt-right, or choice right, is a loosely connected network of white supremacists, white nationalists, anti-Semites, neo-Nazis, as well as other fringe detest groups. Lone actors as well as little networks don’t oft utter well-nigh their plots past times telephone or e-mail, both of which tin live intercepted past times law enforcement agencies. 52 However, they may live active on social media forums, which tin live monitored. In addition, at that spot is no federal statute inwards U.S. code for domestic terrorism.53 There is also no domestic terrorist organisation designation similar at that spot is for international terrorists (such equally the U.S. State Department’s Foreign Terrorist Organization designations) to focus attending on threats from right-wing or left-wing extremists.54
Second, the U.S. authorities needs to piece of occupation closely with the private sector—including social media companies—and European partners to scrap right-wing extremism, equally it has inwards combatting Islamic extremism. Some European states, including French Republic as well as the UK, receive got pose important pressure level on social media companies to take away content that advocates or otherwise supports terrorism, including if it violates society damage of service. Restricting extremist access to social media requires companies to devote staff fourth dimension as well as technology scientific discipline resources to detecting such content as well as closing it down. The U.S. should laid out clear requirements as well as consider what additional levels of rule as well as assertions of liability powerfulness live applied to secure maximum compliance—especially inwards cases where individuals as well as networks back upwards violence.
The U.S. has made important progress since 9/11 inwards countering the threat from Islamic extremists. It right away needs to make the same with right-wing as well as other terrorists. To succeed, Americans volition demand a sober assessment of the threat as well as thoughtful solutions, non political posturing.
Seth G. Jones is the Harold Brown Chair as well as Director of the Transnational Threats Project at the Center for Strategic as well as International Studies (CSIS), equally good equally the writer of H5N1 Covert Action: Reagan, the CIA, as well as the Cold War Struggle inwards Poland (W.W. Norton).
CSIS Briefs are produced past times the Center for Strategic as well as International Studies (CSIS), a private, tax-exempt establishment focusing on international populace policy issues. Its question is nonpartisan as well as nonproprietary. CSIS does non accept specific policy positions. Accordingly, all views, positions, as well as conclusions expressed inwards this publication should live understood to live entirely those of the author(s).
© 2018 past times the Center for Strategic as well as International Studies. All rights reserved.
1 On recent writings, see, for example, Bruce Hoffman, “Mail Bombs, Hate Crimes, as well as the Meaning of Terrorism,”Council on Foreign Relations, Oct 30, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/article/mail-bombs-hate-crimes-and-meaning-terrorism; Peter Bergen, “Yes, There Is Such a Thing equally Right-Wing Terrorism,” CNN, Nov 2, 2018, http://peterbergen.com/yes-there-is-such-a-thing-as-right-wing-terrorism-cnn-com/.
2 The number of casualties from attacks past times Islamic extremists has been greater than past times right-wing extremists, largely because of a few cases similar Omar Mateen’s Pulse nightclub assault that killed 49 people as well as wounded 53 others.
3 See, for example, Caroll Doherty, et al., Economic Issues Decline Among Public’s Policy Priorities (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Jan 2018).
4 See, for example, the Definition of right-wing extremism inwards National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism as well as Responses to Terrorism (START), Ideological Motivations of Terrorism inwards the United States, 1970-2016 (College Park, MD: START, Nov 2017), 6, https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_IdeologicalMotivationsOfTerrorismInUS_Nov2017.pdf.
5 Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, Third Edition (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 249. Also consider Bruce Hoffman, Right-Wing Terrorism inwards Europe (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, March 1982).
6 See, for illustration the Definition of left-wing extremism inwards START, Ideological Motivations of Terrorism inwards the United States, 1970-2016 , 6.
7 The numbers include CSIS coding of terrorism attacks from the Global Terrorism Database at the University of Maryland’s National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism as well as Responses to Terrorism (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/).
8 Author interview with senior FBI officials, Oct 2018.
9 The numbers include CSIS coding of terrorism attacks from the Global Terrorism Database at the University of Maryland’s National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism as well as Responses to Terrorism (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/).
10 The numbers include CSIS coding of terrorism attacks from the Global Terrorism Database at the University of Maryland’s National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism as well as Responses to Terrorism (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/).
11United States of America v. Dylann Storm Roof, Indictment, inwards the U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina, Charleston Division, July 2015, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sc/file/632581/download.
12 Quoted inwards Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, 108.
13 The numbers include CSIS coding of terrorism attacks from the Global Terrorism Database at the University of Maryland’s National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism as well as Responses to Terrorism (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/).
14 U.S. of America v. Cesar Altieri Sayoc, Complaint, inwards the U.S. Southern District of New York, Oct 2018, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sc/file/632581/download.
15 Matt Zapotosky, Annie Gowen, Sari Horwitz, as well as Cleve R. Wootson, Jr., “Who is Cesar Sayoc?” Washington Post, Oct 26, 2018, https://innaiyaveli.blogspot.com//search?q=03/magazine/FBI-charlottesville-white-nationalism-far-right?utm_term=.e92f675db9a2/">https://innaiyaveli.blogspot.com//search?q=03/magazine/FBI-charlottesville-white-nationalism-far-right?utm_term=.e92f675db9a2/.
23 See, for example, https://dailystormer.name/.
24 U.S. of America v. Robert Paul Rundo, Robert Boman, Tyler Laube, as well as Aaron Eason, Criminal Complaint, U.S. District Court, Central District of California, Oct 20, 2018, https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/421-robert-rundo-complaint/0f1e76cdeef814133f24/optimized/full.pdf.
25 Author interview with senior FBI officials, Oct 2018.
26 U.S. of America v. Robert Paul Rundo, et al.
27 Ibid.
28 Department of Homeland Security, Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic as well as Political Climate Fueling Resurgence inwards Radicalization as well as Recruitment (Washington, DC: DHS Office of Intelligence as well as Analysis, Apr 2009).
29 U.S. of America v. Robert Paul Rundo, et al.
30 Azzmador, “Trumpenkriegers Physically Remove Antifa Homos inwards Huntington Beach,” Daily Stormer, March 26, 2017, https://dailystormer.name/trumpenkriegers-physically-remove-antifa-homos-in-huntington-beach/.
31 U.S. of America v. Robert Paul Rundo, et al.
32 Data from the University of Maryland, Global Terrorism Database (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/).
33 Matthew Tempest, “Commissioner Warns of ‘Growing Menace’ of Right-Wing Terrorism inwards EU,” Euractiv, March 23, 2017, https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/commissioner-warns-of-growing-menace-of-right-wing-terrorism-in-eu/.
34 European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol), European Union Terrorism Situation as well as Trend Report (The Hague: Europol, 2018).
35 Data from the University of Maryland, Global Terrorism Database (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/).
36 Home Office, “National Action Becomes First Extreme Right-Wing Group to live Banned inwards UK,” Dec 16, 2016, available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/national-action-becomes-first-extreme-right-wing-group-to-be-banned-in-uk; Home Office, “Further Extreme Right-Wing Groups Banned inwards the UK,” September 28, 2017, available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/further-extreme-right-wing-groups-banned-in-the-uk.
37 David Anderson, “Attacks inwards London as well as Manchester: Independent Assessment of MI5 as well as Police Internal Reviews,” Dec 2017, available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/664682/Attacks_in_London_and_Manchester_Open_Report.pdf.
38 Her Majesty’s Government (HMG), CONTEST: The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism , Cm 9608 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, June 2018), 22. Emphasis added.
39 Europol, European Union Terrorism Situation as well as Trend Report, 51.
40 HMG, CONTEST, 8.
41 “Le terrorisme d’extrême droite, nouvel enjeu de la sécurité intérieure,” Le Monde, June 27, 2018, available at: https://innaiyaveli.blogspot.com//search?q=03/magazine/FBI-charlottesville-white-nationalism-far-right.
42 Federal Ministry of the Interior, Brief Summary: 2017 Report on the Protection of the Constitution (Berlin: Federal Ministry of the Interior, 2017), 13.
43 Ron Chernow, Grant (New York: Penguin Press, 2017), 706-710.
44 Seth G. Jones as well as Martin C. Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Counter al Qa’ida (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2008).
45 Department of Homeland Security, Rightwing Extremism, 4-7.
46 Andrew MacDonald (aka William Pierce), The Turner Diaries, Second Edition (Washington, DC: National Alliance, 1980).
47 Louis Beam, “Leaderless Resistance,” Seditionist, Issue 12, Feb 1992, 5.
48 White House, National Strategy for Counterterrorism of the U.S. of America (Washington, DC: White House, Oct 2018), p. 10, https://innaiyaveli.blogspot.com//search?q=03/magazine/FBI-charlottesville-white-nationalism-far-right.
52 Author interview with senior FBI officials, Oct 2018.
53 See, for example, Michael German linguistic communication as well as Sara Robinson, Wrong Priorities on Fighting Terrorism (New York: Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law, 2018).
54 See the U.S. State Departments designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations at https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm.
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