Definition: Radio Frequency Spectrum Management is the analytical, procedural, as well as policy approach to planning as well as managing the utilisation of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Keywords: harmful interference, policies as well as procedures, radio frequencies, radio frequency interference analysis, radio spectrum, scheme acquisition
MITRE SE Roles as well as Expectations: MITRE systems engineers (SEs) are expected to empathise the role that radio frequency spectrum management has inwards the scheme acquisition processes of our customers. SEs postulate to endure able to propose sponsors as well as their contractors, where appropriate, on the processes, procedures, policies, as well as analytical measures needed to identify, acquire, as well as retain radio frequencies for utilisation yesteryear authorities communications, navigation, as well as surveillance systems.
Background
MITRE's sponsors are becoming increasingly subject on wireless communications, navigation, as well as surveillance systems inwards guild to back upwardly a broad multifariousness of operational missions inwards air traffic control, national defense, as well as homeland security. The unmarried almost critical property that whatever wireless scheme must larn is the radio frequency (RF) spectrum inwards which to operate. Nearly everywhere inwards the world, unallocated radio spectrum has larn scarce and, equally a result, its commercial value has increased dramatically. In the resulting intense contest for a express resource, mortal companies direct hold been winning the "war of words" associated amongst this asset. This makes it increasingly hard for authorities agencies to larn spectrum for novel systems as well as fifty-fifty to croak along the frequencies they direct hold been using for years.
MITRE SEs are existence called on to propose authorities scheme developers, operational units, as well as policy organizations on how best to computer program for, acquire, use, as well as retain radio frequencies. It is essential for MITRE staff involved inwards systems that depend on RF emissions to direct hold a working cognition of this somewhat complex plain as well as to endure able to larn assist from MITRE experts when needed.
Government Interest as well as Use
All useful regions of the radio frequency spectrum (9 kHz–300 GHz) are regulated. Worldwide, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), an entity inside the United Nations, maintains a Table of Allocations to which almost countries adhere, to a large extent [1]. The ITU has divided the globe into 3 regions, each oft having unlike radio rules as well as allocations. Each land also has internal spectrum regulators who create out what is universally considered to endure a sovereign property inside their ain borders. Generally a Ministry of Telecommunications or similar organisation fills this role.
The ITU is the venue inwards which deliberations are held to adapt novel types of telecommunication functions. World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRCs) are held every 3 or 4 years to catch changes to the Table of Allocations. Because this physical care for takes several years to complete, spectrum for whatever novel component division (e.g., when satellites were outset introduced inwards pregnant numbers inwards the 1970s) has to endure planned for many years inwards advance.
In the United States, the control to regulate spectrum utilisation is split betwixt 2 agencies: the National Telecommunications as well as Information Administration (NTIA) [2] as well as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [3]. The operating rules of these agencies are extensive as well as are codified into constabulary inside Title 47 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations [4].
NTIA is responsible for spectrum matters that involve federal authorities users inwards all 3 branches of the government. For a novel system, the procuring federal authorities means must furnish the system's technical characteristics as well as demonstrate to the satisfaction of NTIA that the scheme neither causes nor receives harmful interference to or from other authorized users when placed inwards its intended operational environment. Once this is accomplished, NTIA issues a Certificate of Spectrum Support, which identifies the frequency band inwards which the means tin operate as well as bounds the technical parameters that the scheme tin have. NTIA as well as then issues a frequency authorization allowing the user to operate a scheme on a specific frequency or frequencies at a detail location or inside a defined area. Once a scheme is fielded, a multitude of radio frequency analysis as well as spectrum management tools are available to computer program for as well as position frequency assignments. Ultimate authority, however, to utilisation a frequency must come upwardly through an NTIA frequency authorization or through delegated authority, which is provided yesteryear NTIA to specified federal authorities agencies for sure enough bands.
The FCC is responsible for the spectrum matters of mortal users equally good equally state as well as local authorities users. The FCC outset issues a Type Acceptance for novel non-government systems, identifying the authorized frequency band as well as parameter set. For almost systems, the FCC as well as then issues a radio license that grants a user the correct to utilisation a detail frequency or attain of frequencies at a given site.
It is worth noting that this bifurcated approving physical care for tin both complicate as well as protract the scheme acquisition physical care for for MITRE's authorities sponsors. For example, to educate as well as essay a spectrum-dependent system, a mortal sector vendor must follow the FCC's rules for doing so—even if the eventual cease user is a authorities agency. The acquiring authorities means must as well as then croak to NTIA to obtain the necessary approvals to utilisation the scheme inwards an operational environment.
Best Practices as well as Lessons Learned
Know the spectrum policy landscape (part 1). The management—and real oft fifty-fifty the technical staff—of almost authorities scheme acquisition programs is non acquainted amongst the requirements, policies, as well as procedures associated amongst the identification, acquisition, as well as retentiveness of adequate radio spectrum resources for their systems.
Know the spectrum policy landscape (part 2). MITRE SEs involved amongst spectrum-dependent systems should direct hold at to the lowest degree a rudimentary agreement of domestic (NTIA as well as FCC rules) as well as international spectrum regulations as well as policy. MITRE SEs supporting the Department of Defense (DoD) should additionally endure familiar amongst DoD Instruction (DODI) 4650.01, "Policy as well as Procedures for Management as well as Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum" [5].
Know the planning horizon (part 1). The fourth dimension required to obtain spectrum for a novel type of scheme is measured inwards years. Typically it takes vi to 10 years to larn novel spectrum to the indicate where systems tin truly utilisation it. The Office of Management as well as Budget requires that federal authorities agencies obtain an NTIA Certificate of Spectrum Support earlier submitting budget requests for "the evolution or procurement of major communications-electronics systems (including all systems employing infinite satellite techniques)." It is hence vitally of import to initiate the processes to obtain spectrum for novel scheme programs equally before long equally possible.
Know the planning horizon (part 2). Even if a novel scheme does non correspond a novel radio service (e.g., a communication, navigation, or surveillance), it tin convey to a greater extent than than a twelvemonth to obtain the approvals to utilisation existing spectrum.
Dual approvals needed. Government contractors must follow FCC rules [3] for spectrum utilisation during their design, test, as well as credence phases. The acquiring means must as well as then larn a classify (NTIA) approving to utilisation the scheme on authorities frequencies.
Know the competition. Competition for radio spectrum has intensified inwards recent years, especially inwards bands that are optimal for mobile systems (approximately 200 MHz – 4 GHz). This component has had a dramatic comport on on the perceived (and actual) value of spectrum as well as has biased decisions for spectrum re-allocation heavily inwards favor of the mortal sector.
Importance of justification. Government agencies must educate compelling, operationally based justifications for both the acquisition of novel spectrum as well as the retentiveness of spectrum they already have. Failure to practise so volition campaign spectrum to endure lost to commercial interests amongst the resulting harmful comport on on the mission of the federal government.
Design as well as architecture implications. Government agencies typically operate systems over long life cycles (e.g., 15–30 years or more). With growing scarcity of unused spectrum as well as rapid changes inwards technology, scheme designs should catch wider tuning ranges as well as modular architectures that facilitate upgrading over the life cycle. Such considerations are especially of import for systems to endure operated overseas inwards guild to maximize the likelihood that the applicable host nation(s) volition authorize such equipment to operate.
Leverage the corporation's expertise. MITRE has a rigid capability inwards spectrum management that tin endure brought to the assist of SEs who are working amongst spectrum-dependent systems. As i entry indicate into the MITRE spectrum community, Dr. Chris Hegarty currently serves equally MITRE's corporate focal indicate for spectrum [6].
Share your information. MITRE SEs should inform the corporate focal indicate for spectrum, inwards add-on to their ain management chain, of whatever spectrum-related issues that involve to a greater extent than than i of our sponsors [6].
References as well as Resources
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Radio Regulations.
National Telecommunications & Information Administration (NTIA) Manual of Regulations as well as Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management (Redbook).
Federal Communications Commission, FCC Rulemaking.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47: Telecommunication.
Department of Defense, DoD Instruction 4650.01, Jan 9, 2009, Policy as well as Procedures for Management as well as Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.
Through an on-going, corporately funded initiative, MITRE has developed as well as maintains a spectrum management spider web collection intended to furnish MITRE staff amongst a basic overview of spectrum management. Links are provided to domestic as well as international regulatory documents as well as websites. The site also includes a listing of MITRE documents related to spectrum management, points of contact inside MITRE's staff, as well as directions for joining the MITRE spectrum shared user distribution listing (which currently has xc members).
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