The inaugural off mass of the Republic of Republic of India Tibet Relations (1947-1962) left us shortly after the signature of 17-Point Agreement inwards May 1951. The Tibetan delegates had no option but to convey that the “the Tibetan people shall render to the menage unit of measurement of the Motherland of the People's Republic of China” in addition to “drive out imperialist aggressive forces from Tibet.” (Article I) Ngabo Ngawang Jigme in addition to his colleagues farther agreed that “The local regime of Tibet shall actively assistance the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to move inwards Tibet in addition to consolidate the national defenses.” (Article II) One tin dismiss ask: who was this defence consolidation against? Very few realized in addition to thence that it could exclusively live against India, every bit the Hindi-Chini-Bhai-Bhai honeymoon betwixt Delhi in addition to Beijing had but started; over the side past times side months in addition to years, the Indian officials posted on the Roof of the World would uncovering the truthful objectives of the Communists. But during the inaugural off months, nobody inwards Delhi or the Embassy inwards Beijing was gear upwards to heed to them.
This mass shall become inwards depth into the boring break-down in addition to deterioration of the age-old Indo-Tibet relations, gradually beingness replaced past times a cruder relation amongst the novel occupiers of Tibet.
India’s friendly human relationship amongst its Buddhist neighbor was progressively terminated past times the presence of the PLA on the plateau. During the menses covered past times this volume, rattling few Tibetans had the courage to deal the ineluctable; nearly Tibetans, whether from the aristocracy or the clergy, collaborated amongst the occupying forces. This menses nonetheless saw the nascence of a national conscience in addition to a ‘people’s movement’, which unfortunately never got Delhi’s support.
“Will Tibet always notice her mortal again” wrote the Indian Trade Agent (ITA) inwards Gyantse, at that time.
After looking at the province of affairs inwards Tibet during the inaugural off months after the signature of the 17-Point Agreement, nosotros shall witness the arrival of the Chinese troops inwards Lhasa, preceded past times General Zhang Jingwu, the instance of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CCP).
Most of the documents used inwards this mass come upwards from the JN Collection (also known every bit the Nehru Papers), held inwards the Nehru Memorial Museum in addition to Library inwards Delhi every bit good every bit from the National Archives of India. It is the inaugural off fourth dimension that such documents lead maintain been used (or fifty-fifty seen). The arrival of Gen Zhang in addition to his inaugural off encounter amongst Sumul Sinha, the caput of the Indian Mission inwards Lhasa, are described inwards detail. It makes fascinating reading. The happenings of the coming years could already live perceived inwards this inaugural off ‘polite’ meeting.
Another number which has never been narrated before is the fate of the iv Indian prisoners of state of war during the so-called Liberation War, i.e. the invasion of Tibet inwards the summertime of 1950. After several months of hard negotiations, the immature Indian radio operators would lastly live freed. The Indian diplomacy did a adept project inwards this case.
During the inaugural off yr of occupation, a study of the Indian Trade Agent inwards Gyantse vividly described the changing trends inwards the ability residuum on the plateau.
The Indian officials, who for decades dealt direct amongst the Tibetan authorities, had instantly to exceed through the Chinese PLA officers.
The nearly grotesque incident of this menses was the feeding the PLA’s troops amongst rice coming through India. Without Delhi’s active support, the Chinese troops would non lead maintain been able to move inwards Tibet. Cables, telegrams in addition to despatches betwixt Lhasa, Yatung, Gangtok, Delhi in addition to Beijing shall enlighten us on this never-heard-before episode.
It volition live necessary to displace for a minute to Tawang in addition to hold off at the province of affairs after the arrival of Maj Bob Khathing, who smoothly managed the takeover of the direction in addition to began to protect the local Monpa population against the rapacious Tibetan taxation collectors’ exactions.
We shall also become through the advance of the Indian Administration inwards the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA). As a termination of the report(s) of the North in addition to Northeastern Border Committee, led past times Maj Gen Himmatsinghji, the Deputy Defence Minister, Delhi had decided to render basic amenities in addition to a proper direction to the tribal population living southward of the McMahon Line inwards NEFA’s v Frontier Divisions. The difficulties of the inaugural off years are highlighted through diverse historical documents.
When i looks at the fate of the Tibetan nation, the closure of the Indian Mission inwards Lhasa in addition to its renaming every bit Consulate General working nether the Indian Embassy inwards Beijing, it is but about other tragedy never recorded inwards India’s history books. Delhi accepted meekly, without fifty-fifty informing the Parliament that Republic of Republic of India ‘officially’ had a novel neighbour.
This was preceded past times the de facto closure of the Indian Consulate inwards Kashgar, inwards Southern Xinjiang inwards 1950, which implied that the customary merchandise betwixt Kashmir in addition to Central Asia, via Ladakh in addition to Xinjiang came to an end. The famous quondam Silk Road was dead. The closure of the Consulate has also been recorded for the inaugural off time.
Another fascinating aspect rarely studied is the merchandise amongst the Himalayan United States of America of Tehri-Garwal, Himachal Pradesh every bit good every bit Ladakh through the seasonal Indian Trade Agency inwards Gartok, i of the 3 agencies functioning nether the business office of the Political Officer (PO) inwards Sikkim. The merchandise amongst Tibet inwards the Western Himalaya, is looked at through the eyes of Lakshman Singh Jangpangi, the ITA inwards Western Tibet. The flourishing business organisation inwards Yatung located at the gate of Sikkim inwards the Chumbi Valley, is also documented.
We shall come upwards dorsum for a minute to NEFA to regard the quick developments on Tibet’s borders. Incidentally during the menses nether study, China never claimed Tawang or the entire NEFA every bit theirs; today, Beijing price the whole expanse ‘Southern Tibet’.
As for the inaugural off volume, our primary difficulty has been that the Ministry of External Affairs has stubbornly (and illegally – the Public Records Rules stipulates that documents should live declassified after 25 years) refused to declassify the historical records held inwards South Block. As a result, but about aspects mightiness live missing inwards this study. As mentioned inwards Volume 1, it is sure non inwards India’s interests.
Regarding the strategic roads built past times the PLA, peculiarly the i started through the Aksai Chin inwards Ladakh, nosotros used fascinating recently-released CIA documents to reconstitute the state of war machine laid upwards on the plateau before 1954.
An Indian document also gives us an catch of the Chinese troops deployment inwards the early on years of the Chinese occupation.
An interesting element, on which nearly Indian politicians of the fourth dimension agreed, was the evolution of the edge areas every bit a means to counter Chinese advances (and propaganda). It was what the Himmatsinghji Committee had suggested inwards 1951. The Indian Frontier Administrative Service played a crucial role inwards this context; the remarkable service, amongst outstanding officers, to a greater extent than or less at par in addition to thence amongst the Indian Administrative Service, greatly helped consolidate the Indian borders inwards the North-East inwards the early on 1950s.
One of the saddest aspects highlighted inwards this study is the Prime Minister’s (and but about of his ‘advisors’) lack of agreement of the ‘Chinese Threat’ inwards the early on fifties. Sumul Sinha, who served inwards Lhasa during ii years (1950-52), tried to dot out this danger when posted inwards the NEFA segmentation of the Ministry. He was severely reprimanded past times the Prime Minister. Thereafter, he was a dejected officer, though but about 10 years later, his reports appeared to lead maintain been prophetic.
After looking at the deteriorating province of affairs inwards Lhasa before the begin of the Tibet Talks inwards Beijing (which started on Dec 31, 1953), nosotros shall become inwards peachy special into the so-called negotiations during which Republic of Republic of India lost all the rights in addition to advantages it had inwards Tibet since the begin of the 20th century.
Three chapters are consecrated to the Tibet Talks, inwards which Tibet never participated (was non fifty-fifty informed), ending after iv months amongst the signature of the Panchsheel Agreement.
These chapters become into the ‘framework’ of the Negotiations, the inaugural off in addition to 2nd months of the talks in addition to lastly the disastrous outcome of the Agreement.
We lead maintain tried to become deeper into this trial which occurred just 50 years after the British state of war machine functioning inwards Tibet: the signing of this bi-lateral accord betwixt Republic of Republic of India in addition to China redefined India’s age-old merchandise relations amongst Tibet; the Tibetans themselves were excluded from the negotiations in addition to the benefits of the Agreement.
In many ways it marked the tail terminate of the events laid into displace past times the entry of Francis Younghusband inwards Tibet. While the British expedition indicated recognition of Tibet every bit a divide entity, the signing of the Agreement set an terminate to Tibet every bit an independent nation. The circle was closed, amongst incalculable consequences for the Himalayan portion in addition to India. The other misfortune is that the Agreement would live remembered non for its content, which triggered the boring devastation of a 2,000 year-old ‘way of life’, but for its preamble (the Five Principles) which was supposed to principle the relations betwixt Republic of Republic of India in addition to China.
Prime Minister Nehru based India’s relation amongst China, on his Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai policy, but the idealistic Principles would never live followed either inwards alphabetic quality or inwards spirit, past times Communist China.
It took a few to a greater extent than years in addition to many persistent Chinese intrusions on Indian soil to sensitize the Indian regime in addition to populace to the gravity of the situation.
For several years, Nehru naively believed his Chinese counterpart when Zhou Enlai told him that the basis would live changed “when Panchsheel would shine over the universe similar a sun”.
This mass ends amongst the devastating floods inwards Gyantse inwards July 1954; the edifice of the Indian Agency would live washed away in addition to several Indian officials, including the ITA in addition to the Officer Commanding-designate (OC) of the state of war machine escort, would lose their lives.
A tragic in addition to symbolically ominous terminate to a depressing menses of turbulent changes.
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