Brahma Chellaney
In the 4 years that he has been inward office, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has animated domestic politics inward Bharat together with the country’s unusual policy past times departing ofttimes from conventional methods together with shibboleths. H5N1 key query is whether the Modi era volition grade a defining instant for India, only equally the 1990s were for China together with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s render equally prime number government minister has been for Japan. The response to that query is silent non clear. What is clear, however, is that Modi’s ascension to powerfulness has clearly changed Indian politics together with diplomacy.
Even earlier Modi’s Bharatiya Janata (Indian People’s) Party, or BJP, won the May 2014 national election, India’s fast-growing economic scheme together with rising geopolitical weight had significantly increased the country’s international profile. Bharat was widely perceived to live on a key “swing state” inward the emerging geopolitical order. Since the start of this century, India’s human relationship amongst the U.S. of America (US) has gradually but dramatically transformed. Bharat together with the US are straightaway increasingly unopen partners. The US holds to a greater extent than armed forces exercises amongst Bharat every yr than amongst whatsoever other country, including Britain. In the terminal decade, the US has also emerged equally the largest seller of weapons to India, leaving the traditional supplier, Russia, far behind.
Modi’s pro-market economical policies, revenue enhancement reforms, defence forcefulness modernisation together with foreign-policy dynamism receive got non alone helped to farther increment India’s international profile, but also augur good for the country’s economic-growth trajectory together with rising strength. However, India’s troubled neighbourhood, along amongst its spillover effects, has posed a growing challenge for the Modi government. The combustible neighbourhood has underscored the imperative for Bharat to evolve to a greater extent than dynamic together with innovative approaches to diplomacy together with national defence. For example, amongst its vulnerability to terrorist attacks linked to its location following to the Pakistan-Afghanistan belt, Bharat has niggling selection but to laid upwards for a long-term battle against the forces of Islamic extremism together with terrorism. Similarly, India’s powerfulness to secure its maritime backyard, including its main merchandise arteries inward the Indian Ocean region, volition live on an of import essay of its maritime strategy together with unusual policy, specially at a fourth dimension when an increasingly powerful together with revisionist China is encroaching inward India’s maritime space.
Modi’s Impact on Domestic Politics
Modi went chop-chop from beingness a provincial leader to becoming the prime number government minister of the world’s largest democracy. In fact, he rode to powerfulness inward a landslide national-election victory that gave Bharat the firstly authorities since the 1980s to live on led past times a political party enjoying an absolute bulk on its ain inward Parliament. The menstruum since the belatedly 1980s saw a serial of successive coalition governments inward New Delhi. Coalition governments became such a norm inward Bharat that the BJP’s success inward securing an absolute bulk inward 2014 surprised fifty-fifty political analysts.
What factors explicate the abrupt ascension of Modi? One component clearly was the major corruption scandals that marred the decade-long dominion of the preceding Congress Party-led coalition authorities headed past times Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The national treasury lost tens of billions of dollars inward various corruption scandals. What stood out was non only the tardy prosecution procedure to convey to judge those responsible for the colossal losses but also the lack of sincere efforts to recoup the losses. The pervasive misuse of populace role for individual gain was seen past times the voters equally sapping India’s strength.
Modi, equally the long-serving top elected official of the western Indian province of Gujarat, had provided a relatively create clean direction gratis of whatsoever major corruption scandal. That stood out inward contrast to Singh’s graft-tainted federal government. However, Hindu-Muslim riots inward 2002 inward Gujarat turned Modi into a controversial figure, amongst his opponents alleging that his province direction looked the other way equally Hindu rioters attacked Muslims inward reprisal for a Muslim mob setting a rider prepare on fire. The political disputation genuinely prompted the US authorities inward 2005 to revoke Modi’s visa over the unproven allegations that he connived inward the Hindu-Muslim riots. Even after India’s Supreme Court found no evidence to link Modi to the violence, the US continued to ostracise him, reaching out to him alone on the evening of the 2014 national election when he appeared laid to instruct the following prime number minister.
Modi’s political career at the provincial degree was genuinely built on his success inward coordinating relief operate inward his domicile province of Gujarat inward response to a major 2001 earthquake there. Months after his relief work, Modi became the state’s main minister, or the top elected official.
His party, the BJP, has tacitly espoused the cause of the country’s Hindu bulk for long patch claiming to stand upwards for all religious communities. The BJP sees itself equally beingness no unlike than the Christian parties that emerged inward Western Europe inward the post-World War II era. The Christian parties inward Western Europe, such equally Germany’s long-dominant Christian Democratic Union (CDU), played a key role inward Western Europe’s post-war recovery together with economical together with political integration.[1] Modi himself has subtly played the Hindu bill of fare to advance his political ambitions at the national level.
One tin also describe a parallel betwixt the prolonged menstruum of political drift together with paralysis inward Bharat that led to the national ascension of Modi inward 2014 together with Japan’s 6 years of political instability that paved the way for Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s render to powerfulness inward 2012. Just equally Abe’s render to powerfulness reflected Japan’s determination to reinvent itself equally a to a greater extent than competitive together with confident country, Modi’s election victory reflected the wishing of Indians for a dynamic, assertive leader to assist revitalise their country’s economic scheme together with security.
In fact, both Modi together with Abe receive got focused on reviving their country’s economical fortunes, patch simultaneously bolstering its defences together with strengthening its strategic partnerships amongst likeminded states inward companionship to promote regional stability together with block the emergence of a Sino-centric Asia. Modi’s policies mirror Abe’s soft nationalism, market-oriented economics, together with novel “Asianism”, including seeking closer ties amongst Asian democracies to create a spider web of interlocking strategic partnerships. Until Modi became the firstly prime number government minister born after Bharat gained independence inward 1947, the broad gap betwixt the average historic menstruum of Indian political leaders together with Indian citizens was conspicuous. That constitutes some other parallel amongst Abe, who is Japan’s firstly prime number government minister born after World War II.
To live on sure, at that spot is an of import departure inward damage of the 2 leaders’ upbringing. Modi rose from humble beginnings to atomic number 82 the world’s most-populous democracy.[2] Abe, on the other hand, boasts a distinguished political lineage equally the grandson together with grandnephew of 2 quondam Japanese prime number ministers together with the boy of a quondam unusual minister. In fact, Modi rode to victory past times crushing Rahul Gandhi’s dynastic aspirations.
Since he became prime number minister, Modi has led the BJP to a string of victories inward elections inward a number of states, making the political party the largest political forcefulness inward the solid reason without doubt. Under his leadership, the traditionally urban-focused BJP has significantly expanded its base of operations inward rural areas together with amid the socially disadvantaged classes. His skills equally a political tactician steeped inward cold-eyed pragmatism receive got held him inward proficient stead. Modi, however, has instruct increasingly polarising. Indian commonwealth today is likely equally divided together with polarised equally US democracy.
Politically, Modi has blended potent leadership, soft nationalism, together with an appeal to the Hindu bulk into an election-winning strategy. Playing the Hindu card, for example, helped the BJP to sweep the northern Hindi-speaking heartland inward the 2014 national election together with ride to victory inward the subsequent province election inward Uttar Pradesh, the country’s largest state. But utilisation of that card, non surprisingly, has fostered greater divisiveness. Despite playing that card, the BJP, however, has done niggling for the Hindu bulk specifically, hence reinforcing criticism that it cleverly uses the bill of fare to accomplish electoral gains.
The BJP’s electoral successes, meanwhile, receive got prompted the opposition leader, Rahul Gandhi, to receive got a leafage out of Modi’s playbook past times seeking to similarly boost his popularity amid the Hindu majority. While campaigning inward the Dec 2017 Gujarat province election, for example, Rahul Gandhi visited many Hindu temples. This novel strategy resulted inward his Congress Party, which has traditionally banked on the Muslim vote, significantly improving its strength inward the Gujarat province legislature, although the BJP managed to concur on to powerfulness inward a unopen election contest.
More fundamentally, Modi’s political ascension had much to do amongst the Indian electorate’s yearning for an era of decisive government. Before becoming prime number minister, Modi – a darling of line of piece of job concern leaders at domicile together with abroad – promised to restore rapid economical growth, maxim at that spot should live on “no ruby-red tape, alone ruby-red carpet” for investors.[3] He also pledged a qualitative alter inward governance together with assured that the corrupt would human face the total forcefulness of law. But, inward office, has Modi genuinely lived upwards to his promises?
Although he came to role amongst a pop mandate to usher inward major changes, his tape inward powerfulness has been restorative rather than transformative. The transformative instant unremarkably comes 1 time inward a generation. Modi failed to seize that moment. He seems to believe inward incrementalism, non transformative change. His sheen has clearly dulled, yet his bulk appeal remains unmatched inward the country.
New Dynamism but also New Challenges inward Foreign Policy
India faces major foreign-policy challenges, which past times together with large predate Modi’s ascension to power. Bharat is domicile to to a greater extent than than one-sixth of the world’s population, yet it punches far below its weight. H5N1 yr earlier Modi assumed office, an essay inward the mag Foreign Affairs, titled “India’s Feeble Foreign Policy,” focused on how the solid reason is resisting its ain rise, equally if the political miasma inward New Delhi had turned the solid reason into its ain worst enemy.[4]
When Modi became prime number minister, many Indians hoped that he would give a novel management to unusual relations at a fourth dimension when the gap betwixt Bharat together with China inward damage of international powerfulness together with stature was growing significantly. In fact, India’s influence inward its ain strategic backyard – including Nepal, Sri Lanka, People's Republic of Bangladesh together with the Republic of the Maldives – has shrunk. Indeed, Kingdom of Bhutan remains India’s sole steal of strategic clout inward South Asia.
India also confronts the strengthening nexus betwixt its 2 nuclear-armed regional adversaries, China together with Pakistan, both of which receive got staked claims to substantial swaths of Indian territory together with maintain to collaborate on weapons of bulk destruction. In dealing amongst these countries, Modi has faced the same dilemma that has haunted previous Indian governments: the Chinese together with Pakistani unusual ministries are weak actors. The Communist Party together with the armed forces shape Chinese unusual policy, patch Islamic Republic of Pakistan is effectively controlled past times its regular army together with intelligence services, which silent utilisation terror groups equally proxies. Under Modi, Bharat has faced several daring terrorist attacks staged from Pakistan, including on Indian armed forces facilities.
One Modi priority after assuming role was restoring momentum to the human relationship amongst the United States, which, to some extent, had been damaged past times grating diplomatic tensions together with merchandise disputes patch his predecessor was inward office. While Modi has been unable to incorporate cross-border terrorist attacks from Islamic Republic of Pakistan or stalk Chinese armed forces incursions across the disputed Himalayan frontier, he has managed to elevator the bilateral human relationship amongst the US to a novel degree of engagement. He has enjoyed a proficient personal human relationship amongst US President Donald Trump, similar he had amongst Trump’s predecessor, Barack Obama.
Modi considers unopen ties amongst the US equally essential to the advancement of India’s economical together with safety interests. The US, for its part, sees Bharat equally key to its Indo-Pacific strategy. As the White House’s national safety strategy study inward Dec 2017 position it, “A geopolitical competition betwixt gratis together with repressive visions of world companionship is taking identify inward the Indo-Pacific region. The region, which stretches from the westward coast of Bharat to the western shores of the United States, represents the most populous together with economically dynamic component division of the world […] We welcome India’s emergence equally a leading global powerfulness together with stronger strategic together with defence forcefulness partner.”[5]
More broadly, Modi’s various steps together with policy moves receive got helped highlight the trademarks of his unusual policy – from pragmatism together with lucidity to zeal together with showmanship. They receive got also exemplified his penchant for springing diplomatic surprises. One instance was his statement during a China see to grant Chinese tourists e-visas on arrival, an statement that caught past times surprise fifty-fifty his unusual secretary, who had only said at a media briefing that at that spot was “no decision” on the issue. Another instance was inward Paris, where Modi announced a surprise conclusion to purchase 36 French Rafale fighter-jets.
Modi is a realist who loves to play on the grand chessboard of geopolitics. He is seeking to steer unusual policy inward a management that helps to significantly assist his strategy to revitalise the country’s economical together with armed forces security. At to the lowest degree v things stand upwards out nigh his unusual policy.
First, Modi has invested considerable political working capital alphabetic lineament – together with fourth dimension – inward high-powered diplomacy. No other prime number government minister since the country’s independence participated inward so many bilateral together with multilateral summit meetings inward his firstly years inward office. Critics debate that Modi’s busy unusual policy schedule leaves him restricted fourth dimension to focus on his most-critical responsibleness – domestic issues, which volition define his legacy.
Second, pragmatism is the hallmark of the Modi unusual policy. Nothing amend illustrates this than the priority he accorded, presently after coming to office, to adding momentum to the human relationship amongst America, despite the US having heaped visa-denial humiliation on him over nine years. In his firstly yr inward office, he also went out of his way to befriend India’s strategic rival, China, negating the early on assumptions that he would live on less accommodating toward Beijing than his predecessor. With China increasingly assertive together with unaccommodating, Modi’s opportunity failed to pay off. Yet, inward Apr 2018, Modi made a fresh exertion to “reset” relations amongst China together with held an informal summit coming together amongst Chinese President Xi Jinping inward the key Chinese urban center of Wuhan.
Third, Modi has sought to shape a non-doctrinaire foreign-policy approach powered past times ideas. He has taken some of his domestic policy ideas (such equally “Make inward India” together with “Digital India”) to unusual policy, equally if to underscore that his priority is to revitalise Bharat economically. By simultaneously courting unlike major powers, Modi has also sought to demonstrate his powerfulness to forge partnerships amongst competitor powers together with broker cooperative international approaches inward a rapidly changing world.
In fact, Modi’s unusual policy is implicitly attempting to displace Bharat from its long-held nonalignment to a contemporary, globalised practicality. In essence, this way that Bharat – a founding leader of the nonaligned motility – could instruct to a greater extent than multi-aligned together with less nonaligned. Building unopen partnerships amongst major powers to pursue a variety of interests inward various settings volition non alone enable Bharat to advance its pith priorities but also volition assist it to save strategic autonomy, inward keeping amongst the country’s longstanding preference for policy independence.
Nonalignment suggests a passive approach, including staying on the sidelines. Being multi-aligned, on the other hand, permits a proactive approach. Being pragmatically multi-aligned seems a amend alternative for Bharat than remaining passively non-aligned. H5N1 multi-aligned Bharat is already tilting to a greater extent than toward the major democracies of the world, equally the resurrected Australia-India-Japan-US quadrilateral (or “quad”) grouping underscores. Still, India’s insistence on charting an independent course of study is reflected inward its refusal to bring together American-led fiscal sanctions against Russia.
Meanwhile, a Modi-led Bharat has non shied away from edifice strategic partnerships amongst countries some China’s periphery to counter that country’s creeping strategic encirclement of India. New Delhi’s resolve was apparent when Modi tacitly criticised China’s armed forces buildup together with encroachments inward the South China Sea equally evidence of an “18th-century expansionist mindset.” India’s “Look East” policy, for its part, has graduated to an “Act East” policy, amongst the master copy economical logic of “Look East” giving way to a geopolitical logic. The thrust of the novel “Act East” policy – unveiled amongst US blessings – is to re-establish historically unopen ties amongst countries to India’s eastward so equally to contribute to edifice a stable remainder of powerfulness inward the Indo-Pacific region. As Modi said inward an op-ed published inward 27 Association of Southeast Asian Nations newspapers on 26 Jan 2018 (the day, inward a remarkable diplomatic feat, Bharat hosted the leaders of all 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations states equally main guests at its Republic Day parade), “Indians receive got ever looked East to view the nurturing sunrise together with the calorie-free of opportunities. Now, equally before, the East, or the Indo-Pacific region, volition live on indispensable to India’s time to come together with our mutual destiny.”[6]
Fourth, Modi has a penchant for diplomatic showmanship, reflected non alone inward the surprises he has sprung but also inward the kinds of big-ticket speeches he has given abroad, ofttimes to chants of “Modi, Modi” from the audience. Like a stone star, he unleashed Modi-mania amid Indian-diaspora audiences past times taking the phase at New York’s storied Madison Square Garden, at Sydney’s sprawling Allphones Arena, together with at Ricoh Coliseum, a hockey arena inward downtown Toronto. When permission was sought for a similar spoken language lawsuit inward Shanghai during Modi’s 2015 China visit, an apprehensive Chinese government, which bars whatsoever populace rally, relented alone on the status that the lawsuit would live on staged inward an indoor stadium.
To assist propel Indian unusual policy, Modi has also injected a personal touch. Indeed, Modi has used his personal comport on amongst bang-up effect, addressing leaders ranging from Obama to Abe past times their firstly holler together with edifice an like shooting fish in a barrel human relationship amongst multiple world leaders. In keeping amongst his personalised postage on diplomacy, Modi has relied on bilateral summits to opened upwards novel avenues for cooperation together with collaboration. At the same time, underscoring his nimble approach to diplomacy, he has shown he tin remember on his feet. The speed amongst which he rushed assist together with rescue teams to an earthquake-battered Nepal, equally good equally dispatched Indian forces to evacuate Indian together with unusual nationals from Nepal together with conflict-torn Yemen, helped to heighten India’s international profile, highlighting its capacity to respond swiftly to natural together with human-induced disasters.
Fifth, it is scarcely a surprise that, given this background, Modi has position his ain postage on Indian unusual policy. The paradox is that Modi came to role amongst niggling unusual policy experience, yet he has demonstrated impressive diplomatic acumen, including taking bold steps together with charting a vision for edifice a greater international role for India.
The quondam US secretarial assistant of province Madeleine Albright famously said, “The purpose of unusual policy is to persuade other countries to do what nosotros wishing or, amend yet, to wishing what nosotros want.”[7] How has Modi’s unusual policy done when measured against such a touchstone of success? One must concede that, inward damage of concrete results, Modi’s tape hence far isn’t all that impressive. His supporters, however, would say that dividends from a novel management inward unusual policy current tardily together with that he has been inward role for only 4 years.
To live on sure, a long menstruum of strategic drift nether coalition governments undermined India’s strength inward its ain backyard. Modi, however, has non yet been able to recoup the country’s losses inward its neighbourhood. The erosion of India’s influence inward its backyard holds far-reaching implications for its security, underscoring the imperative for a to a greater extent than dynamic, forward-looking unusual policy together with a greater focus on its immediate neighbourhood. China’s strategic clout, for example, is increasingly on display fifty-fifty inward countries symbiotically tied to India, such equally Nepal, Sri Lanka together with the Maldives. If China established a Djibouti-type naval base of operations inward the Republic of the Maldives or Pakistan, it would effectively opened upwards an Indian Ocean front end against Bharat inward the same placidity way that it opened the trans-Himalayan threat nether Mao Zedong past times gobbling upwards Tibet, the historical buffer. China has already leased several tiny islands inward the Republic of the Maldives together with is reportedly working on a naval base of operations following to Pakistan’s Chinese-built Gwadar port.
To live on sure, Modi has injected dynamism together with motivation inward diplomacy.[8] But he has also highlighted what has long blighted the country’s unusual policy – advertizing hoc together with personality-driven actions that confound tactics amongst strategy. Institutionalised together with integrated policymaking is essential for a robust diplomacy that takes a long view. Without good for you lot institutionalised processes, policy volition tend to live on advertizing hoc together with shifting, amongst personalities at the helm having an excessive role inward shaping thinking, priorities together with objectives. If unusual policy is shaped past times the whims together with fancies of personalities who concur the reins of power, at that spot volition live on a propensity to deed inward haste together with repent at leisure, equally has happened inward Bharat repeatedly since the fourth dimension of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who was inward role for 17 years.
Today, Bharat confronts a “tyranny of geography” – that is, serious external threats from virtually all directions. To some extent, it is a self-inflicted tyranny. India’s concerns over China, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka together with the Republic of the Maldives stalk from the failures of its past times policies. An increasingly unstable neighbourhood also makes it to a greater extent than hard to promote regional cooperation together with integration. With its tyranny of geography putting greater pressure level on its external together with internal security, Bharat needs to develop to a greater extent than innovative approaches to diplomacy. The erosion of its influence inward its ain backyard should serve equally a wake-up call. Only through forrad thinking tin Bharat hope to ameliorate its regional-security province of affairs together with play a larger global role. Otherwise, it volition maintain to live on weighed downwardly past times its region.
While Bharat undoubtedly is injecting greater realism inward its unusual policy, it remains intrinsically cautious together with reactive, rather than forward-looking together with proactive. Bharat has non fully abandoned its quixotic traditions. India’s tradition of realist strategic thought is likely the oldest inward the world.[9] The realist doctrine was propounded past times the strategist Kautilya, also known equally Chanakya, who wrote the Arthashastra earlier Christ; this ancient manual on great-power diplomacy together with international statecraft remains a must-read classic. Yet India, ironically, appears to receive got forgotten its ain realist strategic thought.
Concluding Observations
India is to a greater extent than culturally various than the entire EU – but amongst twice equally many people. It is remarkable that India’s commonwealth has thrived despite such diversity. Yet, similar the US, Bharat has instruct politically polarised. And similar Trump, Modi draws potent reactions – inward back upwards of him or against him. When Modi won the 2014 national election, critics said they feared his strongman tendencies – a fearfulness they silent profess. But inward office, Modi has been anything but potent or aggressive inward his policies. For example, his unusual policy together with his domestic policies, specially economical policy, receive got been cautious together with tactful. However, the “strongman” tag that critics receive got given Modi helps to obscure his failure to improve governance inward India. On his watch, for example, India’s merchandise deficit amongst China has doubled to almost $5 billion a month.
Prudent gradualism, however, remains the hallmark of Modi’s approach inward diplomacy together with domestic policy. For example, to underpin India’s seat equally the world’s fastest-growing developing economy, Modi has preferred slow but steady progress on reforms, an approach that Arvind Subramanian, the government’s main economical adviser, dubbed “creative incrementalism.” Many inward India, of course, would prefer a bolder approach. But equally a raucous democracy, Bharat has to pay a “democracy tax” inward the cast of slower decision-making together with pandering to powerful electoral constituencies. For example, nether Modi, India’s pecker for province subsidies has risen sharply.
A dynamic unusual policy tin live on built alone on the foundation of a potent domestic policy, a realm where Modi must overcome political obstacles to shape a transformative legacy. If Bharat is to emerge equally a global economical powerhouse, Modi must brand economical growth his firstly priority. Another imperative is for Bharat to cut down its spiralling arms imports past times developing an indigenous defence forcefulness industry. However, Modi’s “Make inward India” first has yet to receive got off, amongst manufacturing’s part of India’s gross domestic product genuinely contracting.
As a shrewd politician, Modi has shown an powerfulness to deftly recover from a setback. For example, he came nether withering criticism when, patch coming together Obama inward early on 2015 inward New Delhi, he wore a navy adapt amongst his holler monogrammed inward golden stripes all over it. Critics defendant him of beingness narcissistic, patch 1 politico went to the extent of calling him a “megalomaniac.” But past times auctioning off the suit, Modi chop-chop cauterised a political liability. The designer adapt was auctioned for charity, fetching INR 43.1 meg ($693,234).
To many, Modi seems politically invincible at home, floating higher upwards the laws of political gravity. But, equally happens inward whatsoever democracy, whatsoever leader’s fourth dimension eventually runs out. Modi of a abrupt appeared vulnerable inward terminal December’s province elections inward his native province of Gujarat but his political party managed to retain power, although amongst a reduced majority. Until his political stock starts to irreversibly diminish, Modi volition maintain to dominate the Indian political scene, playing an outsize role. At present, though, at that spot is no apparent successor to Modi.
Professor Brahma Chellaney is a professor of strategic studies at the independent Centre for Policy Research inward New Delhi together with an affiliate amongst the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation at King’s College London. As a specialist on international strategic issues, he held appointments at Harvard University, the Brookings Institution, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, together with the Australian National University. He is the writer of nine books, including an international bestseller, Asian Juggernaut (New York: Harper Paperbacks, 2010). His terminal volume was Water, Peace, together with War: Confronting the Global Water Crisis (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014).
[1] John Murray, “Christian Parties inward Western Europe,” Studies, Vol. 50, No. 198 (Summer 1961).
[2] Andy Marino, Narendra Modi: H5N1 political Biography (New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2014).
[3] Economic Times, “Red carpet, non ruby-red tape for investors is the way out of economical crisis,” Interview amongst Narendra Modi, June 7, 2012.
[4] Manjari Chatterjee Miller, “India’s Feeble Foreign Policy: H5N1 Would-Be Great Power Resists Its Own Rise,” Foreign Affairs (May/June 2013).
[5] White House, National Security Strategy of the U.S. of America of America (Washington, DC: Dec 2017), available at: https://goo.gl/CWQf1t.
[6] Narendra Modi, “Shared values, mutual destiny,” The Straits Times, Jan 26, 2018, available at: http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/shared-values-common-destiny.
[7] Madeleine Albright, The Mighty together with the Almighty (New York: Harper Perennial, 2007).
[8] Alyssa Ayres, Our Time Has Come: How Bharat is Making Its Place inward the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018).
[9] Aparna Pande, From Chanakya to Modi: Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2017).
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