Katherine Graef
“If you lot desire to move fast, move alone. If you lot desire to move far, move together.”
-- African Proverb
Special Operations Command Africa (SOCAFRICA) cannot brand it alone, especially inwards Africa. While Special Operations Forces (SOF) are amid the nigh expeditionary of all military machine forces, capable of providing their ain SOF-specific sustainment, they soundless require mutual user logistics such every bit replenishment of supplies, reliable transportation, logistics services, in addition to technology scientific discipline support.[i] It is this category of sustainment that is the nigh challenging inwards Africa in addition to requires important coordination inside the logistics enterprise. Sustainment of SOF is inherently to a greater extent than complex than sustainment of conventional forces, especially exterior of major contingency operations, because SOF is inherently articulation in addition to requires a blended concept of support.[ii] At whatever given time, SOCAFRICA has about chiliad operators in addition to enablers inwards Africa, conducting activities inwards about a dozen nations. Their mission is to counter terrorists in addition to elevate stability by, with, in addition to through our African partners. To do this, SOCAFRICA must disperse its forces to co-locate amongst those partners inwards multiple locations across the continent. Each of these locations correspond a unique sustainment challenge, addressed using a combination of resources from US Africa Command (USAFRICOM) components, US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) components, local procurement, contracted services, Acquisition Cross-Servicing Agreements (ACSAs), in addition to others. While these concepts of back upwards are normally tactically adequate, they are oftentimes tardily to demand in addition to far from optimal at the theatre strategic level.
The United States’ strategic logistics scheme was designed in addition to is maintained to sustain the US military machine inwards large-scale, declared conflict — every bit it should be. This scheme is non good suited, however, to sustain depression densities of SOF, working amongst partners inwards remote areas, that are trying to forbid conflict in addition to mitigate instability. It is inwards our national strategic involvement to decide feasible in addition to responsive methods to sustain these forces because they tin sack provide a superb render on national investment when measured against the toll of large-scale conflict or fifty-fifty humanitarian crisis caused yesteryear instability. This article describes the obstacles to sustaining SOF inwards Africa, the tangible in addition to intangible consequences of those obstacles, in addition to offers tenets to consider when determining depression density concepts of support.
Invalid Assumptions: How Does One Sip From a Firehose?[iii]
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) doctrine makes implicit assumptions that do non apply inwards Africa, creating 3 specific obstacles to sustaining SOF. First, articulation logistics doctrine assumes a much larger conventional forcefulness relative to SOF in addition to explicitly directs conventional logistics providers to sustain SOF.[iv] In Africa, at that spot is a high ratio of SOF to conventional forces relative to other combatant commands. With really piddling sustained conventional military machine activity inwards Africa, at that spot is no demand to flora a comprehensive military machine logistics network for SOF to leverage. Nor would it hold out feasible or desirable to create such a network considering the magnitude of Africa’s geography. The financial in addition to readiness toll to conventional logistics forces would hold out also high given electrical flow national safety priorities. Additionally, a conventional logistics network would create a large US military machine footprint, which is politically untenable inwards many cases in addition to would create a large tail of its own, eroding the theater-strategic agility it was meant to provide.
While a conventional logistics network is non an ideal solution, pocket-sized quantities of logistics enablers at fundamental locations on the continent tin sack add together tremendous value. Unfortunately, USAFRICOM’s lack of assigned forces, including logistics forces, represents the minute obstruction to sustaining SOF. While SOF formations include some logistics capability, those capabilities are really express inwards quantity in addition to are primarily focused on SOF-specific support. Doctrine directs conventional forces to provide mutual user back upwards in addition to assumes that each Geographic Combatant Command (GCC) has an assigned Theater Sustainment Command (TSC).[v] USAFRICOM does not, at to the lowest degree non inwards whatever practical sense.[vi] This lack of logistics forces way mutual user sustainment of SOF inwards Africa is provided largely via contracting, augmented yesteryear specific capability from conventional logistics formations via the Request for Forces procedure in addition to episodic back upwards to exercises. These capabilities are requested every bit needed 1 time a requirement is validated in addition to correspond “just enough” capability, pregnant at that spot is piddling logistics depth available to answer to emerging requirements or crises. USAFRICOM is non prioritized inwards electrical flow — in addition to presumably time to come — global forcefulness administration guidance. Nevertheless, USAFRICOM must soundless decide methods to sustain electrical flow in addition to time to come operations. Contracted capability represents the nigh responsive selection but this reliance on contracting makes sustaining SOF a funding challenge every bit good every bit a logistics challenge.
Without a conventional military machine logistics network or fifty-fifty a few assigned logistics enablers, USAFRICOM must apply the intent of electrical flow strategic guidance when assigning responsibleness to its components for mutual user back upwards to SOF. Doctrine in addition to policy are consistent inwards requiring the Services to maintain their ain SOF. When sustaining a pocket-sized grouping of SOF comprised of different Services, however, it makes piddling feel to require the Army to back upwards v greenish berets, the Navy to back upwards 10 SEALs, in addition to the Air Force to back upwards episodic special operations aviators, all at the same location. Compounding this job is USAFRICOM’s inconsistent access to overseas contingency funding for sustainment inwards nigh locations on the continent. This represents the 3rd obstruction to sustaining SOF. When USAFRICOM tasks 1 of its components to resources SOF sustainment, those components must oftentimes inquire their nurture Service to fund that back upwards every bit an unfunded requirement, which naturally competes amongst that Service’s other requirements. They also, quite rightly, scrutinize in addition to seek to validate SOF sustainment requirements using their ain internal processes. These processes vary and, patch necessary in addition to appropriate, eat valuable time, resulting inwards a sustainment solution that is oftentimes at endangerment of beingness tardily to need. These obstacles, to yell exactly three, in addition to the resultant inability to provide consistently timely in addition to reliable back upwards to SOF, have got both tangible in addition to intangible consequences to SOF operations.
Consequences: Trust in addition to the Demand Signal
To hold out fair, the obstacles described to a higher house are compounded yesteryear SOCAFRICA’s inability to provide a consistent in addition to timely sustainment demand signal. As a immature organization, SOCAFRICA has only lately established internal processes to make in addition to validate annual statements of requirement. Not all requirements, however, are predictable inwards a dynamic operating environment, creating a province of affairs where an immature theater-strategic logistics scheme is non agile or resilient plenty to hold stride amongst emerging SOF requirements. These circumstances combine to create a lack of confidence inwards the logistics scheme in addition to contribute to a “culture of poverty,”[vii] a phenomenon which prevents operators from asking for what they demand because they believe at that spot is piddling to no remove chances they’ll have it. This causes teams on the continent to either suppress their requirement or hand dorsum to their dwelling house station in addition to asking back upwards from USSOCOM forcefulness providers. Not only is this to a greater extent than oftentimes than non to a greater extent than expensive, but it also fails to create the demand signal that would campaign the theatre strategic logistics scheme to mature. USAFRICOM cannot hold out expected to fulfill its responsibleness to coordinate in addition to synchronize articulation logistics inwards its theatre if it does non have a demand signal to satisfy.[viii] It is especially of import for SOCAFRICA to register this signal inwards a theatre where SOF requirements are the nigh hard to fulfill. The logistics community must recognize this negative bicycle in addition to deliberately seek to earn the trust of those it supports. This lack of trust manifests itself nigh readily inwards transportation planning, maybe the nigh challenging articulation logistics role to “scale down” to back upwards depression densities of widely-dispersed SOF.
Any transportation scheme requires maximized loads to hold out toll effective; the US strategic transportation scheme is no different. In Africa, however, maximizing airlift cargo would sacrifice responsiveness, every bit it would have got a long fourth dimension to fill upwards an aircraft to back upwards a pocket-sized unit of measurement at a remote location. Even amongst the suppressed minimum charge requirements inwards Africa, units may hold out inclined to add together heavy, non-essential items to loads inwards company to justify aircraft to displace those smaller items to a greater extent than quickly. This perverse incentive risks wasting precious strategic elevator amongst an obvious chance toll for other organizations seeking to work the same resource. Furthermore, the strategic transportation scheme relies on information to feed concern representative analyses that are used yesteryear strategic leaders when deciding whether to flora or expand the distribution network. Africa represents a chicken in addition to egg province of affairs because it lacks many of the transportation information systems used to capture that data. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 lack of information does non hateful at that spot is an absence of demand. The West Africa Logistics Network (WALN), a major USAFRICOM logistics initiative, is a outcome of the logistic enterprise’s recognition of this dynamic. Much of the information used for WALN’s concern representative analysis were based on displace information captured manually yesteryear SOCAFRICA mobility planners. While the transportation scheme is used every bit an representative here, this dynamic also applies to other logistics functions, the render scheme inwards particular. Simply put, if the logistics venture does non arts and crafts effective in addition to timely concepts of support, depression density units volition observe ways to brand the scheme they have got piece of work for them, depriving the venture of an accurate in addition to steady demand signal that would enable maturation in addition to optimization of theatre strategic logistics. USAFRICOM, inwards improver to the WALN initiative, has already implemented band routes inwards East Africa that are addressing these systemic transportation challenges in addition to earning the trust of operators inwards remote locations.
While SOCAFRICA must ameliorate its generation of timely in addition to accurate steady province demand, it cannot e'er predict where SOF volition demand to operate vi months or a yr inwards advance. Since Africa is non a theatre of state of war — in addition to SOCAFRICA endeavors to forbid such a province of affairs — at that spot are multiple legal in addition to diplomatic weather required to flora novel contingency locations (e.g., permission of the host acre in addition to Earth team, land-use agreements, order, shipment, in addition to exoneration of edifice materials, etc). These requirements vary yesteryear Earth in addition to are extremely fourth dimension consuming, compounding the effects of other systemic obstacles. These delays tend to reinforce operators’ perception that the logistics scheme is non responsive to their needs, farther eroding their trust in addition to compounding the difficulty of defining requirements. After all, why should operators invest the staff unloose energy to define in addition to validate requirements if the logistics venture fails to deliver or delivers also late?
A lack of trust, difficulty inwards producing a consistent demand signal, in addition to an inability to answer to emerging requirements are all consequences of a logistics venture that is non agile in addition to resilient plenty for the operational environment. This creates operational endangerment because sustainment that is tardily to demand limits reach, impairs operational tempo in addition to has the potential to cede maiden to a resourceful enemy. This is the nigh insidious outcome — in addition to nigh costly to theater-strategic objectives — of the difficulty of supporting small, widely dispersed teams of SOF. Concepts of logistics back upwards should ideally extend reach, accelerate tempo in addition to minimize constraints on operations.
Logistics Alchemy: Tenets for Crafting Concepts of Support
Overcoming depression density logistics obstacles in addition to their associated consequences requires the logistics venture to apply its skills inwards creative ways. Each depression density concept of back upwards is a unique combination of logistics sources in addition to methods determined yesteryear artfully combining how things tin sack hold out done (organic understanding) amongst how thingsshould hold out done (strategic understanding). The procedure of crafting those concepts of back upwards is governed inwards SOCAFRICA yesteryear the next tenets.
Support Responsibly. The low-density logistician[ix] volition neglect if they only have got a top-down approach yesteryear seeking to impose measure doctrine in addition to policy on an surround that defies the assumptions implicit inwards those documents. That is non to say doctrine in addition to policy are superfluous — quite the contrary. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 superior understanding of strategic guidance, peculiarly its spirit, allows a logistician to position in addition to mitigate policy seams in addition to gaps in addition to have got measures to unopen them. In improver to a house understanding of the strategic logistics system, the low-density logistician must also thoroughly empathise tactical requirements in addition to the suite of sustainment options available. They must combine their strategic understanding of doctrinal in addition to policy frameworks from to a higher house amongst organic tactical understanding from below to meld a concept of back upwards for each location that is custom built for its particular circumstance. These concepts of back upwards must hold out sufficient to need, adhere to the spirit of doctrine in addition to policy, in addition to accommodate to the political, diplomatic in addition to safety environment. They should also serve every bit constructive contributions to the theatre strategic logistics network, advancing that network for the electrical flow in addition to time to come work of SOF, conventional forces, in addition to other stakeholders.
Balance “Effectiveness” in addition to “Efficiency”. Providing the nigh comprehensive in addition to responsive back upwards possible patch remaining a constructive fellow member of the logistics venture creates persistent tension betwixt subjective definitions of “effectiveness” in addition to “efficiency.” We are caught betwixt a demanding client inwards our SOF operators in addition to a strategic logistics scheme optimized to efficiently sustain conventional forces fighting large-scale conflict. In company to encourage participation inwards a theatre strategic logistics system, it is oftentimes necessary to prioritize effectiveness, every bit perceived yesteryear the operators, over efficiency every bit defined yesteryear logisticians. This is non exactly a affair of regulation or parochialism. As mentioned, if a concept of back upwards does non come across SOF operator needs, they volition create an promotion hoc scheme that plant for them. This shadow logistics network represents how logistics tin sack hold out done, but normally non how it should hold out done. These methods may fulfill immediate requirements to the satisfaction of that 1 team, but the demand signal necessary to mature the theatre is lost. So, though it may look counter-intuitive, the low-density logistician must larn how teams are inclined to back upwards themselves rather than impose an academic concept of back upwards that does non come across an operator’s perception of effective. In practical terms, the logistician must capture how sustainment is beingness done (organic tactical understanding best gained yesteryear site visits) in addition to so piece of work deliberately to evolve the concept of back upwards to how it should hold out done, consistent amongst doctrine, policy in addition to combatant command guidance (both USAFRICOM’s in addition to USSOCOM’s). In the process, financial responsibilities in addition to back upwards mechanisms (DODAACs, TAC codes, etc.) tin sack also hold out identified in addition to properly aligned. This bottom-up approach volition encourage participation inwards the resultant sustainment concept, thereby facilitating a sustained demand signal in addition to informing efforts to laid the theater, ideally resulting inwards back upwards that is both to a greater extent than effective in addition to efficient.
Anchor Concepts of Support inwards Operational Reality. Encouraging participation inwards an established logistics system, fifty-fifty an unconventional one, requires buy-in from operations officers in addition to commanders. Crafting whatever concept of back upwards should e'er start amongst tactical understanding, but low-density logisticians must also consider issues such every bit operational security, signature concerns, guidance from the Earth team, in addition to unusual vendor vetting of prime number in addition to sub-contractors, exactly to yell a few. These considerations must hold out “baked in” every bit operational context in addition to validated yesteryear the operations officeholder or tactical commander earlier the concept of back upwards is determined or negotiated. Added benefits of this early on in addition to detailed coordination betwixt operations in addition to logistics staffs include providing logisticians the chance to portion their concerns in addition to communicate sustainment endangerment every bit good every bit laying the groundwork for detailed requirement validation using a formal contention of requirement 1 time the concept of back upwards is determined.
Explore in addition to Exhaust Existing Resources in addition to Networks. Using the approved operational context, which volition range in addition to frame the sustainment options available, the low-density logistician must so arts and crafts the concept of support.Logistics networks be wherever at that spot are humans. While Africa may non have got a comprehensive DoD-established logistics network, whatever given location is soundless a nexus of overlapping sustainment networks. These network “layers” may include capabilities from Western partner forces, the host nation, commercial partners, in addition to inter-governmental organizations such every bit the UN or African Union. They may also include regional or functional capabilities established yesteryear USAFRICOM Service Components every bit directed yesteryear the combatant command using logistics command options found inwards articulation doctrine. For example, the Earth constituent is responsible for mortuary affairs yesteryear virtue of the Army’s executive agency responsibilities every bit good every bit establishing an inland transportation tender programme using the combatant commander’s potency to designate a Lead Service.[x] Similarly, USSOCOM components are responsible for providing SOF-peculiar support[xi] in addition to DoD Combat Support Agencies such every bit the Defense Logistics Agency have got established contracts for nutrient in addition to fuel worldwide. Together, these layers incorporate the carte du jour of options — inside established operational parameters — from which each SOCAFRICA concept of back upwards is derived. Maintaining persistent awareness of these layers requires important staff energy, but is fundamental to creating reliable in addition to sustainable concepts of support. This awareness also allows the logistics venture to partially mitigate its lack of depth in addition to resiliency in addition to enable rapid response. Gaining access to these options requires positive relationships, especially inwards a crisis.
Invest inwards Relationships amongst whatever in addition to all stakeholders. Negotiating the use, either inwards steady province or inwards crisis, of existing logistics networks requires mutual trust amid the logistics enterprise. Just every bit operators must trust that the logistics network volition sustain them, the Service Components in addition to Agencies that provide the bulk of logistics back upwards to SOCAFRICA must trust that our requirements are valid in addition to necessary. Such trust must hold out earned, cultivated in addition to maintained non only through fundamental leader engagements but yesteryear codified processes in addition to mutual feel concern rules. Low-density logisticians must demonstrate that they are exactly every bit committed to beingness constructive members of the logistics venture every bit they are to ensuring their operators have got the best back upwards possible. They must negotiate inwards skilful faith, protect the credibility of their command, in addition to compromise when possible to decide in addition to implement concepts of back upwards that are mutually satisfactory every bit good every bit effective.
“Yes, If” Not “No, Because”.[xii] As logisticians, it tin sack hold out slow to say no in addition to hard to acquire to yes. The persuasion of thinking inwards price of “Yes, if” is extremely powerful in addition to absolutely essential for constructive communication. SOCAFRICA is really fortunate to belong to a logistics venture that has embraced this philosophy. Senior leaders inwards both the SOF in addition to USAFRICOM communities are committed to improving back upwards to SOF. They empathise the structural obstacles in addition to are interested inwards the policy in addition to doctrinal gaps nosotros discover. They carry the message to the Joint Staff, DoD, in addition to the strategic logistics venture to brand the doctrine in addition to policy changes required to brand sustaining SOF to a greater extent than effective every bit good every bit to a greater extent than efficient. The personal representative provided yesteryear these senior leaders permeates through staff directors at the operational marking in addition to has created a cultural shift that is paying important dividends for our operators. Just every bit important, the activity officers who accomplish nigh of the negotiation take in the positive results of this approach in addition to volition carry it forrad every bit they move senior logisticians, perpetuating a positive approach to addressing complex problems that volition do goodness institutions beyond SOCAFRICA.
Conclusion in addition to Final Thoughts
In response to its systemic challenges, the USAFRICOM logistics venture has advanced numerous initiatives to laid in addition to mature the theater. Most notable are: the Trans-Africa Airlift Support Contract, a TRANSCOM-administered contract vehicle to provide distribution services inwards Africa amongst the West Africa Logistics Network (WALN) every bit its flagship project; publication of the "Rhino Book" that codifies technology scientific discipline standards on the continent; publication of a USAFRICOM teaching on Lead Service in addition to Base Operating Support that straight addresses many of the challenges identified inwards this article; and, finally, unopen collaboration amongst USSOCOM on articulation doctrine in addition to DoD regulation revisions. In improver to closely collaborating amongst USAFRICOM on these initiatives, SOCAFRICA has codified its concepts of support, conducted extensive sustainment in addition to financial analysis, validated Statements of Requirement for all locations inwards Africa, in addition to invested important fourth dimension in addition to unloose energy to create in addition to maintain a various network of multinational in addition to interagency partners to enable responsive in addition to resilient sustainment for our operators.
It is of import to emphasize that this article represents only 1 logistician’s perspective inside the enterprise. There is probable piddling disagreement, however, that sustaining depression densities of widely-dispersed SOF is challenging in addition to ill-served yesteryear our electrical flow strategic logistics system. There stay important in addition to structural obstacles inwards doctrine in addition to policy that create tangible in addition to intangible consequences for SOF operations inwards Africa. While USAFRICOM in addition to USSOCOM are addressing these obstacles inwards doctrine, it is unlikely USAFRICOM’s access to forces in addition to funding volition ameliorate inwards the nigh future. Therefore, the USAFRICOM logistics venture must move along to collaborate to facilitate the operational hand in addition to tempo SOF require inwards a dynamic operating environment, enabling them to forbid conflict, mitigate instability, in addition to accomplish theatre strategic objectives, thereby serving our national strategic interest. More broadly, if the US intends to employ other capabilities inwards a similarly precise way to forbid conflict or mitigate instability, the greater DoD logistics venture must innovate every bit well. The tenets offered hither for crafting depression density concepts of back upwards serve every bit 1 way to frame the job in addition to potential solutions. This article is intended to offering an initial understanding of depression density logistics challenges, wherever they may hold out found, in addition to thoughts on how to mitigate them.
End Notes
[i] William J. Lynn III, Department of Defense Directive 5100.03, Support of the Headquarters of Combatant Command in addition to Subordinate Unified Commands (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense, Feb 9, 2011), 8.
Service-common. Equipment, material, supplies, in addition to services adopted yesteryear a Military Service for work yesteryear its ain forces in addition to activities. These include measure military machine items, base of operations operating support, in addition to the supplies in addition to services provided yesteryear a Military Service to back upwards in addition to sustain its ain forces, including those assigned to the Combatant Commands. Items in addition to services defined every bit Service-common yesteryear 1 Military Service are non necessarily Service-common for all other Military Services.
Special operations-peculiar. Equipment, material, supplies, in addition to services required for special operations missions for which at that spot is no Service-common requirement. These are express to items in addition to services initially designed for, or used by, special operations forces until adopted yesteryear the Commander, USSOCOM, for application to measure items in addition to services used yesteryear the Military Services; in addition to items in addition to services approved yesteryear the Commander, USSOCOM, every bit critically urgent for the immediate accomplishment of a special operations mission.
[ii] First, SOF has really piddling organic sustainment capability in addition to so relies heavily on external support. This betoken is reflected inwards the 5th of v SOF Truths: “Most Special Operations require non-SOF assistance.” Second, SOF forces are inherently articulation patch nigh conventional forces are organized in addition to contend inwards either Service-pure organizations or every bit component of a larger articulation forcefulness for which the Services maintain responsibleness in addition to capability for sustainment of their forces. Third, SOF forces require a dynamic combination of SOF-peculiar in addition to Service-common sustainment materiel in addition to services. SOF-peculiar items in addition to services are controlled in addition to funded yesteryear U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) patch Service-common in addition to common-user sustainment are provided yesteryear the Military Departments.
[iii] “Sipping from a Firehose” was used yesteryear LTC Levi Sutton, SOCAFRICA’s Command Engineer at the time, to depict the difficulty of SOF attempting to access express quantities of back upwards from a scheme designed to sustain much larger formations.
[iv] U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Logistics Supplement to the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 3110.03E (Washington, DC: U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Jan 27, 2017), A-A-8: “The GCC Theater Service Components summation CSAs are responsible for providing service-common back upwards to respective service SOF operating inwards the AOR.”
Also:
U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Logistics, Joint Publication 4-0 (Washington, DC: U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Oct 16, 2013), III-3: “In circumstances where 1 Service is the predominant provider of forces or the possessor of the preponderance of logistics capability, it may hold out prudent to designate that Service every bit the articulation logistics lead.”
Both of these references imply a preponderance of conventional forces inwards theater. This is non the representative inwards Africa.
[v] U.S. CJCS, JP 4-0, III-7: “The overarching theater-level headquarters is the theatre army/Army Service constituent command (ASCC), which provides back upwards to Army forces in addition to other Services every bit directed. It is of import for the ASCC in addition to theatre special operations command (TSOC) J-4 to elevate conventional in addition to special operations forces (SOF) synchronization of sustainment. The theatre sustainment command (TSC) is the logistics C2 chemical element assigned to the ASCC in addition to is the unmarried Army logistics headquarters inside a theatre of operations.”
[vi] USAFRICOM lately gained an aligned US Army Reserve Theater Support Command but this includes the headquarters only amongst no dedicated downward describe units to genuinely execute logistics. This TSC maintains a pocket-sized planning capability at the US Army Africa headquarters inwards Vicenza, Italy in addition to deployed Soldiers to Africa for the commencement fourth dimension during EXERCISE FLINTLOCK inwards Apr 2018.
[vii] Though this phrase was non coined yesteryear him, Captain Joshua Lasky, US Navy, so SOCAFRICA Chief of Staff, deserves credit for applying this phrase to the reluctance of operators on the continent to register their sustainment demands.
[viii] U.S. CJCS, JP 4-0, III-5.
[ix] For the purpose of this article, the term “low-density logistician” is defined every bit anyone confronting the challenge of sustaining pocket-sized numbers of widely-dispersed forces without the do goodness of an established in addition to accessible logistics network.
[x] U.S. CJCS, JP 4-0, III-3.
[xi] U.S. DoD, DoDD 5100.03, 6.
[xii] I commencement learned of this concept inwards September 2016 at the commencement SOCAFRICA Logistics Workshop from so Brigadier General Mark Camerer, the USAFRICOM J4. He credits General Frank Gorenc, who introduced him to the term.
Categories: SOF
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