Thomas Spoehr
In society to improve modernization outcomes, the U.S. Army has established a novel major command—Army Futures Command (AFC)—with the stated purpose to amend integrate in addition to execute requirements in addition to acquisition processes. Given the fourth dimension in addition to attending the Army is devoting to agreement the challenges that made AFC necessary in addition to the resources existence applied to this change, it is reasonable to await it volition live successful. In add-on to the activation of this novel organization, at that spot are other areas that must live carefully managed inwards society to ensure positive outcomes. Of special importance, the Army must deliberately do a career path that grows AFC leaders, lest at that spot live a dearth of qualified leaders inwards the future.
To its credit, the Army has recognized its challenges inwards modernization, in addition to its novel leaders possess got taken quick activeness to activate a novel organization.
This organization, the Army Futures Command, headquartered inwards Austin, Texas, volition seat the Army on an improved trajectory.
If the Army in addition to Congress cooperate to supply sustained funding, tend to other key areas, in addition to maintain a futurity focus, the chances for success volition live great.
Jen Judson, “Army’s Modernization Command Taking Shape Under Freshly Picked Leaders,” Defense News, Nov 6, 2017, https://www.defensenews.com/land/2017/11/06/armys-modernization-command-taking-shape-under-freshly-picked-leaders/ (accessed July 17, 2018).
the Army announced its intent to found a novel major command, since named the Army Futures Command (AFC), alongside the intent for this ascendency to live the “custodian of Army modernization efforts; linking operational concepts to requirements to acquisition to fielding.”2
Army Futures Command Task Force, “Army Futures Command,” March 28, 2018, https://www.army.mil/standto/2018-03-28 (accessed July 17, 2018).
Army leaders possess got characterized the establishment of this ascendency equally the largest reorganization of the Army since 1973 when it founded the Training in addition to Doctrine in addition to the Forces Commands.3
Dan Lamothe, “Army to Unveil Details About New Futures Command inwards Biggest Reorganization inwards 45 years,” The Washington Post, July 12, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/07/12/army-to-unveil-details-about-new-futures-command-in-biggest-reorganization-in-45-years/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.ee38cf353098 (accessed July 17, 2018).
Army leaders cite several reasons for the necessity of this novel command, including the imperative contained inwards the novel National Defense Strategy to “anticipate the implications of novel technologies on the battlefield, rigorously define the armed forces problems anticipated inwards futurity conflict, in addition to foster a civilisation of experimentation in addition to calculated risk-taking.”4
U.S. Department of Defense, “Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of The the States of America,” Jan 19, 2018, p. 7, https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf (accessed July 17, 2018).
Leaders also nurture a wish to avoid prior problems inwards Army modernization, which include such famously cancelled programs equally the Future Combat System, the Crusader howitzer, in addition to the Comanche helicopter. Finally, the length of fourth dimension betwixt when a requirement is realized in addition to when the formal requirements document is approved has been noted equally a distinct surface area inwards which improvement is needed.
Seeking to brand a distinct interruption from the past, the Army has chosen to locate this novel headquarters non on an existing Army base, but rather inwards a major city, taking wages of the proximity of high engineering industry, academia, in addition to a civilisation of entrepreneurship. Under Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy, when explaining the argue to forgo a to a greater extent than traditional location, said the necessary “ecosystem cannot live duplicated from behind the walls of traditional posts in addition to forts.” On July 13, 2018, the Army announced that Austin, Texas, had been selected equally the location for the novel headquarters.5
Department of the Army, “Army Announces Austin equally the Home of New Army Futures Command,” July 13, 2018, https://www.army.mil/article/208477/army_announces_austin_as_the_home_of_new_army_futures_command (accessed July 17, 2018).
A four-star full general volition ascendency the novel organization, in addition to Lieutenant General John “Mike” Murray, the electrical flow Army G-8, has been nominated for the position.6
Matthew Cox, “Report: Army 4-Star Selected to Lead New Futures Command,” Military.com, July 17, 2018, https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/07/17/report-army-4-star-selected-lead-new-futures-command.html (accessed July 25, 2018).
The Army has declared that the ascendency has achieved initial operating status, in addition to plans to brand the ascendency fully operational within a year—by July 2019. The novel headquarters is anticipated to possess got a staff of around 500 people, including “100 uniformed soldiers in addition to 400 Army civilians.”7
David A. Vergun, “Austin to Be U.S. Army Futures Command Location, Says Army,” July 13, 2018, https://www.army.mil/article/208197/austin_to_be_us_army_futures_command_location_says_army (accessed July 17, 2018).
In the official society establishing the command, the Army moved the Army Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC), the Capability Development in addition to Integration Directorates (CDIDs) in addition to Battle Labs, in addition to the Training in addition to Doctrine Command’s (TRADOC) Analysis Center (TRAC)—all electrical flow subordinate elements of TRADOC—under AFC. Additional elements that volition constitute AFC are the Army’s Research Development in addition to Engineering Command (RDECOM) in addition to the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity from the Army Materiel Command. Finally, the viii Cross Functional Teams (CFTs) established past times the Army inwards Oct 2017 to deal the Army’s highest modernization priorities are also assigned to AFC.8
United States Army, “Establishment of the States Army Futures Command,” June 4, 2018, https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11199_GO1810_FINAL.pdf (accessed July 17, 2018).
Other Army elements may also live moved equally the organisation evolves. The Secretary of the Army, Dr. Mark Esper, has stated that flexibility is key for the novel organisation to succeed in addition to that “we possess got to live willing to operate inwards the greyish for some menstruum of fourth dimension until nosotros detect out what plant best.”9
Sydney J. Freedberg Jr., “Permanent Evolution: SecArmy Esper on Futures Command,” Breaking Defense, May 7, 2018, https://breakingdefense.com/2018/05/permanent-evolution-secarmy-esper-on-futures-command-exclusive/ (accessed July 17, 2018).
Esper has also stated how of import it volition live that AFC piece of occupation similar a matrixed organisation inwards society to cutting across the vertical stovepipes that characterized the previous surroundings of Army modernization.10
Ibid.
In the past, inwards society for a programme to movement from a requirement to a solution, it had to transit from TRADOC to the Pentagon in addition to and then to the Acquisition community for a solution. The novel organisation seeks to blur the usually brilliant line betwixt requirements in addition to acquisition in addition to do greater unity of endeavor betwixt the communities.
Closing some gaps inevitably creates novel ones. By closing the gap betwixt requirements in addition to acquisition communities, a potential gap is created betwixt AFC in addition to TRADOC School Commandants, upon whom the Army has heretofore relied to suggest organizational in addition to equipment changes. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 similar gap could live opened betwixt AFC in addition to the traditional acquisition community represented past times the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics in addition to Technology (ASA[ALT]). AFC must ensure whatsoever novel gaps created are closed past times closed coordination in addition to communication measures. One mensurate already announced past times the Army to assist closed the latter gap is to designate the Military Deputy to the ASA(ALT), currently Lieutenant General Paul Ostrowski, equally a deputy commanding full general of Army Futures Command. This reflects the fact that Army is already thinking of ways to sew together together newly created gaps.
Previous Organizational Challenges inwards Army Modernization
Lack of unity of endeavor inwards Army modernization efforts has indeed caused challenges. The evolution of materiel requirements documents ofttimes took years due to the mightiness of every organisation inwards TRADOC in addition to the Army to submit comments in addition to non-concurrences—all of which require lengthy in addition to ho-hum adjudication in addition to response. An entire cottage manufacture existed within TRADOC to comment on requirements documents. Army Secretary Esper has noted that the Army ofttimes took “five to 7 years to prepare a laid of requirements.”11
TACOM Public Affairs, “Esper: New Teams to Reduce Acquisition Timeline, Help Army Maintain Battlefield Advantage,” May 8, 2018, https://www.army.mil/article/204894/esper_new_teams_to_reduce_acquisition_timeline_help_army_maintain_battlefield_advantage (accessed July 17, 2018).
Measures of effectiveness that closely tracked the amount of fourth dimension necessary for a requirement to movement through the scheme typically did non exist, in addition to progress ofttimes defaulted to the tenacity of the private programme advocates to brand whatsoever progress whatsoever.
Additionally, proponents for a requirement within TRADOC ofttimes operated without cognition or total consideration of the costs necessary to satisfy the total parameters of a requirement. For example, a TRADOC schoolhouse could specify that a radio examine kit must check within a cargo steal on a uniform without agreement the additional damage such a requirement would convey.12
Example from author’s experience. The Army Signal Center wanted a SINCGARS RF examine kit that would check inwards a soldier’s uniform cargo pocket. The programme director found a commercial examine kit that was 2 inches equally good large. Neither would compromise. When faced, however, alongside the threat of the program’s cancellation, the Signal Center agreed the examine kit could live carried inwards a cargo pouch.
In general, when a requirement was lastly approved in addition to passed to the Army acquisition community, a completely unlike scheme of metrics entered into force. Once the formal acquisition strategy was approved, programme managers, who are ruthlessly measured past times how closely their programs adhere to cost, schedule, in addition to performance, were discouraged from making changes to the requirement—even when real-world environments intervened. While at starting fourth dimension blush that may seem reasonable, it ofttimes led to situations inwards which programs that had succeeded inwards achieving all metrics of cost, schedule, in addition to performance were ultimately rejected past times the warfighter for a failure to come across their needs.13
See, for example, the Army’s sense alongside the Ground Mobile Radio. Sean Gallagher, “How to Blow $6 Billion on a Tech Project,” Ars Technica, June 18, 2012, https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/06/how-to-blow-6-billion-on-a-tech-project/ (accessed July 17, 2018).
Additionally, fifty-fifty though inwards 2007 the Department of Defense introduced Configuration Steering Boards (CSB) to review in addition to potentially de-scope unnecessary materiel requirements, Army—in a vogue shared amidst all services, although they routinely acquit CSBs—rarely exercises the alternative to modify requirements, preferring instead to proceed alongside the master copy requirements.14
Letter from Michael J. Sullivan, Director, Acquisition in addition to Sourcing Management, U.S. General Accounting Office, to Senator Carl Levin in addition to Senator James M. Inhofe, “Defense Acquisitions: Military Services Consistently Held Required Configuration Steering Boards That Actively Reviewed Requirements Changes,” May 5, 2014, https://www.gao.gov/assets/670/663005.pdf (accessed July 25, 2018).
Closer integration betwixt requirements in addition to acquisition communities could live expected to increase the usage of CSBs to trim down or modify requirements.
Thus, the Army’s covert of cross-functional teams in addition to a closer integration of modernization organizations is appropriate. American manufacture has long found that when usually course departments such equally engineering, marketing, sustainment, finance, in addition to scientific discipline in addition to engineering are integrated inwards matrixed teams, amend results are usually the outcome.15
Paul Leinwant, Cesare Mainardi, in addition to Art Kleiner, “Develop Your Company’s Cross-Functional Capabilities,” Harvard Business Review, Feb 2, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/02/develop-your-companys-cross-functional-capabilities (accessed July 17, 2018).
But query has also found that if the private representatives on the cross-functional teams cannot fully immerse themselves inwards the grouping endeavor in addition to instead proceed to human activity equally representatives from their parent organizations, the results are much less successful.16
Behnam Tabrizi, “75 Percent of Cross-Functional Teams Are Dysfunctional,” Harvard Business Review, June 23, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/06/75-of-cross-functional-teams-are-dysfunctional (accessed July 17, 2018).
AFC must thence live watchful to ensure CFT representatives sympathise that their starting fourth dimension loyalty must live to the CFT’s success, non their parent organizations.
Below the grade of AFC headquarters, the Army has provided insights on the sub-organizations to compose the command. AFC volition include 3 sub-organizations: Futures in addition to Concepts, which volition seat needs in addition to opportunities; Combat Development, which volition conceptualize in addition to prepare solutions; in addition to Combat Systems, which volition engineer in addition to create solutions.17
U.S. Army, “Army Futures Command Location Announcement,” July 13, 2018, https://www.army.mil/standto/2018-07-13 (accessed July 25, 2018).
Clear lineages betwixt these novel organizations in addition to the legacy elements moved nether AFC tin live seen: ARCIC in addition to CDIDs currently perform the tasks of Futures in addition to Concepts in addition to Combat Development, patch RDECOM in addition to ASA(ALT) perform the tasks envisaged for Combat Systems. As AFC matures it volition live of import that these sub-organizations are matrixed in addition to re-imagined to ensure collaboration flows freely good below the grade of AFC headquarters. It is important but insufficient to simply combine these modernization activities nether a novel four-star command. AFC’s “secret sauce” volition live the improved integration in addition to collaboration processes developed within the ascendency betwixt the novel sub-elements.
Past Army Modernization Efforts Not Just Challenged past times Organizational Structure
Challenges inwards past times Army modernization efforts cannot live alone traced to defective organizational design. Other elements possess got contributed to failed or delayed modernization programs, including important cuts inwards Research, Development, in addition to Acquisition funding; lack of Army leader attention; inexperienced leaders alongside brusk tenures; in addition to an inability to remember long-term. While implementing needed organizational modify past times the creation of AFC, the Army must simultaneously pay attending to these other areas to attain consistent success.
Modernization Funding Must Be Stable
Pharaoh is said to possess got told the Israelites to brand bricks without straw. Similarly, starting inwards 2011, the Army was required to acquit a modernization programme patch simultaneously undergoing massive budget cuts. In 2016, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army General Dan Allyn testified that “between 2011 in addition to 2015, Research in addition to Development in addition to Acquisition accounts plunged 35 percent. Procurement lonely dropped from $21.3 billion to $13.9 billion.” He farther noted that the Army since 2011 had “ended twenty programs, delayed 125 in addition to restructured 124.”18
General Daniel Allyn, Vice Chief of Staff, the States Army, arguing on “The Department of the Army 2017 Budget Request in addition to Readiness,” earlier the Subcommittee on Readiness, Armed Services Committee, U.S. House of Representatives, 114th Cong., 2nd Sess., Feb 26, 2016, p. 5, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AS/AS03/20160226/104348/HHRG-114-AS03-Wstate-AllynD-20160226.pdf (accessed July 17, 2018).
Clearly, no affair how well-managed in addition to integrated Army modernization efforts are, no programme tin sustain cuts of that magnitude without massive cancellations in addition to restructuring. Thus, some of what are popularly perceived past times the press in addition to others equally Army modernization “failures” were instead fact-of-life changes brought almost equally a straight off termination of massive budget cuts imposed past times the Budget Control Act in addition to the actions of the previous Administration.
Army Leaders Must Remain Committed
Lack of attending past times Army senior leaders tin also adversely impact Army modernization. Programs that ultimately succeed are usually those that do goodness from strong oversight in addition to management. The electrical flow Chief of Staff, General Mark Milley, has reinvigorated the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), which reviews in addition to approves all Army materiel requirements. General Milley ofttimes personally chairs the weekly Council, in addition to meetings are attended past times the most senior Army commanders, including four-star generals from Forces in addition to Training in addition to Doctrine Commands. In comparison, previous AROCs rarely met inwards person, in addition to when they did, the attendees were typically to a greater extent than junior than the electrical flow instantiation. Normally, fifty-fifty major equipment requirements were approved past times a “paper” AROC, pregnant newspaper documents were passed around for required blessing signatures alongside lilliputian or no discussion.19
Jared Serbu, “Army Puts Its Chief of Staff ‘At the Center’ of Acquisition Decisions,” Federal News Radio, March 11, 2016, https://federalnewsradio.com/army/2016/03/army-puts-chief-staff-center-acquisition-decisions/ (accessed July 17, 2018).
The lack of word in addition to consideration past times senior Army leaders resulted inwards less attending in addition to scrutiny, typically leading to imprecise in addition to poorly constituted programs at all-important programme inception. General Milley is due to depart his seat inwards 2019; successors must maintain this similar grade of involvement for Army modernization to succeed.
In add-on to the AROC, the iv most senior leaders of the Army—Secretary, Under Secretary, Chief of Staff, in addition to Vice Chief of Staff—have been dedicating an extraordinary amount of fourth dimension to supervising the efforts of the Cross Functional Teams. Such attending is extraordinarily beneficial in addition to should live sustained fifty-fifty when the AFC reaches total operational status. There is an adage inwards the Army that “those things that the boss checks, acquire done.”
Leader Tenure in addition to Preparation Are Key
As the proverb goes, “personnel is policy.” The best of novel organizations, such equally AFC, volition live hamstrung if they are non staffed alongside the correct leaders who rest inwards seat for a sufficient amount of time. Army modernization efforts possess got been challenged inwards the past times past key leaders whose brusk tenures frustrated the mightiness to prepare the deep agreement necessary to brand experienced judgments inwards a complex area. Army modernization leaders are ofttimes moved simply equally they laid about to sympathise their responsibilities. Key leaders, such equally full general officers inwards Army G-8 in addition to G-3, Program Executive Offices, in addition to School Commandants were moved at intervals ofttimes equally brusk equally i year, an inadequate amount of fourth dimension to larn a position, which leads to less effective determination making. Over one-half of the starting fourth dimension iteration of CFT leaders, announced only inwards Oct 2017, possess got already begun to rotate to novel positions.20
Courtney McBride, “Leadership Changes Planned for Army Modernization Cross-functional Teams,” Inside Defense, Apr 4, 2018, https://insidedefense.com/insider/leadership-changes-planned-army-modernization-cross-functional-teams (accessed July 30, 2018).
Often, senior Army leaders cite the demand to prepare brigadier generals alongside multiple developmental assignments, but such desires ofttimes conflict alongside the demand to obtain desirable outcomes. In cases of conflict betwixt goals, the needs of the organisation should outweigh the wish to do a population of full general officers able to advance to the side past times side rank. The Navy, recognizing the value of continuity, keeps the Director of their Naval Reactors programme inwards seat for viii years.21
Colin Clark, “Worries Surface As Carter Picks Submariner equally CNO: It’s All About Nuclear Reactors,” Breaking Defense, May 13, 2015, https://breakingdefense.com/2015/05/worries-surface-as-carter-picks-submariner-as-cno-its-all-about-nuclear-reactors/ (accessed July 17, 2018).
Because of the value of accumulated expertise inwards an surface area inwards which most Army officers lack experience, key individuals, such equally the leaders of CFTs in addition to AFC, should rest inwards their positions for no less than 2 to 3 years—and optimally longer. Complicating matters, leaders ofttimes brand it inwards these key positions without always having served inwards whatsoever previous role inwards the institutional Army, thence lacking the key cognition of how to number modify within the organization. Similarly, Army programme managers should have sequential assignments inwards a specific functional surface area (such equally helicopters, missiles, or software development) inwards society to prepare a deep base of operations of expertise. As it stands now, Army programme managers tin deal a radio programme in addition to the next year, movement to managing tracked vehicles or helicopters.
The Army has nominated Lieutenant General John “Mike” Murray to live the starting fourth dimension commander of AFC. To brand it at Murray, Secretary McCarthy said they looked at hitting a repose amidst candidates that possess got both operational experiences to sympathise how formations fight; “a actually sharp agreement of the doctrinal means the Army does business”; in addition to unique experiences on the Army staff, including an agreement of Congress in addition to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. McCarthy noted that the ideal commander should also possess got a grade of agreement inwards line of piece of occupation organisation in addition to the industry. “You tin actually narrow that listing pretty speedily because that’s an all-around athlete,” McCarthy said.22
Jen Judson, “Army Futures Command Taking Charge of Conjuring Up New Capability,” Defense News, March 26, 2018, https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/global-force-symposium/2018/03/24/army-futures-command-taking-charge-of-conjuring-up-new-capability/ (accessed July 17, 2018).
Mike Murray is the perfect nominee for the position, but the challenge McCarthy describes finding the starting fourth dimension AFC commander is instructive: The Army must deliberately do a career path that grows AFC leaders, or they volition detect themselves inwards the futurity alongside a dearth of qualified leaders to Pb this organization.
Take the Long View
A defining 2nd for Army modernization came inwards 2009 when Defense Secretary Robert Gates cancelled the Army’s Future Combat System (FCS), afterwards having spent nearly $20 billion on the program.23
Sydney Freedberg Jr., “Total Cost to Close Out Cancelled Army FCS Could Top $1 Billion,” Breaking Defense, June 19, 2012, https://breakingdefense.com/2012/06/total-cost-to-close-out-cancelled-army-fcs-could-top-1-billion/ (accessed July 27, 2018).
There were other problems, including a large in addition to growing cost, but i of the reasons Gates cited for cancelling FCS was that the scheme “did non reverberate the anti-insurgency lessons learned inwards Republic of Iraq in addition to Afghanistan.”24
Brian Robinson, “FCS Cancellation Confirmed, Army Modernization Changes Course,” FCW: The Business of Federal Technology, June 24, 2009, https://fcw.com/articles/2009/06/24/army-future-after-fcs.aspx (accessed July 17, 2018).
This assessment came at a fourth dimension when every scheme was existence measured for efficacy against the counter-insurgency fights inwards those places. Fast frontward nine brusk years to 2018. Now, the novel National Defense Strategy has completely shifted the Department’s focus, placing preeminence on corking mightiness contest alongside Cathay in addition to Russia—fights much closer to what was anticipated when FCS was conceived.
Similarly, inwards 2011 the Army cancelled its surface launched advanced medium-range air-to-air missile programme primarily based on its intelligence assessments that the Army would non human face upward an air-breathing threat inwards the foreseeable future.25
Loren B. Thompson, “Army Move to Kill Air Defense System Leaves Other Services in addition to Allies inwards the Lurch,” Lexington Institute, September 30, 2010, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/army-move-to-kill-air-defense-system-leaves-other-services-and-allies-in-the-lurch/ (accessed July 17, 2018).
Fast frontward to 2018. The Army at nowadays faces air threats from revanchist Russian Federation and, to a lesser extent, China, which possess got at nowadays catapulted air defense forcefulness systems to nigh the summit of the listing of Army modernization priorities.
The lesson to live learned is that key modernization decisions must live based on a sentiment of the long-term strategic challenges, extending decades into the future, encompassing multiple options, in addition to resisting the temptation to brand decisions based on electrical flow operational challenges, no affair how pressing.
Recommendations
The Army is taking activeness to do the weather condition for successful modernization. Many electrical flow initiatives reverberate a clear-eyed assessment of the challenges ahead. Congress tin assist inwards this effort. Congress should:
Support the Army’s efforts to organize Army Futures Command equally a logical reaction to electrical flow organizational challenges;
Support stable modernization funding for the Army to assist alongside predictable programs; and
Remain interested inwards the alternative in addition to tenure of full general officers selected for service inwards the Army modernization enterprise.
The Army is addressing many of the shortcomings that possess got plagued previous modernization efforts. These organizational changes are well-conceived. To complement already announced actions in addition to attain success over a sustained period, the Army should:
Ensure Cross Functional Team members are directed that their primary responsibleness is to the success of the team, versus a loyalty to their parent organization.
Pay careful attending to the organisation of AFC below the headquarters level, examining ways to integrate in addition to matrix the sub-organizations to improve coordination in addition to collaboration.
Maintain electrical flow attending in addition to focus on Army modernization—even afterwards AFC has reached Full Operational Capability.
Prepare leaders for assignments inwards Army modernization positions alongside early on developmental assignments in addition to education, including positions that supply an agreement of the institutional Army. Assuming they are successful, i time assigned, the Army should in addition to then retain these leaders inwards these positions for a minimum of 2 to 3 years—optimally longer—to acquire the best outcomes.
Take the long sentiment on equipment requirements in addition to resist the temptation to brand decisions based on the electrical flow operational challenges.
To its credit, the Army has recognized its challenges inwards modernization, in addition to its novel leaders possess got taken quick activeness to activate a novel organization, placing the Army on an improved trajectory. Success is likely. If the Army in addition to Congress cooperate to stabilize modernization funding in addition to tend to other key areas such equally personnel policy in addition to leader focus in addition to attention—as good equally maintaining a focus on the future—the chances for success volition live fifty-fifty greater.
—Thomas Spoehr is Director of the Center for National Defense, of the Kathryn in addition to Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for National Security in addition to Foreign Policy, at The Heritage Foundation in addition to a retired Army Lieutenant General alongside multiple assignments inwards Army modernization.
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