by Linda Robinson, Austin Long, Kimberly Jackson in addition to Rebeca Orrie - RAND Corporation
How has successful alter previously occurred inwards the United States Army, Joint, in addition to United States Department of Defense policy regarding SOF? How tin these observations inform hereafter evolution of options for policymakers in addition to to articulate ways inwards which the varied Army Special Operations Forces capabilities tin assist to run across United States national safety objectives? How tin hereafter planning in addition to execution past times the Army Special Operations Forces, the Army, in addition to the articulation operations community hold out informed past times an analysis of past times decisions?
This written report examines major United States decisions related to the evolution or work of particular operations forces (SOF). The utilisation of the written report is to analyze how alter has previously occurred inwards Army, Joint, in addition to United States Department of Defense policy regarding SOF to inform hereafter evolution of options for policymakers in addition to to amend articulate the ways inwards which the varied Army Special Operations Forces capabilities tin assist to run across United States national safety objectives. The written report aims to attention the particular operations community to amend sympathise the policy process; formulate appropriate, audio courses of action; in addition to engage alongside other members of the United States authorities interagency community inwards a constructive manner.
Thirteen cases are covered inwards this report: (1) creation of sixth Army Special Reconnaissance Unit; (2) creation of the Office of Strategic Services; (3) creation of United States Army Special Forces; (4) particular forces expansion nether President Kennedy in addition to contraction through the Vietnam War; (5) Central Intelligence Agency – SOF cooperation inwards Southeast Asia, 1961–1975; (6) particular operations capabilities: creation of United States Special Operations Command in addition to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations in addition to Low-Intensity Conflict; (7) particular operations capabilities post-9/11 SOF expansion; (8) particular mission unit of measurement expansion; (9) operational authorities in addition to work of SOF: department 1208; (10) operational authorities in addition to employment: the Global SOF Network initiative; (11) operational authorities in addition to employment: irregular warfare directive; (12) operational authorities in addition to employment: SOF in addition to Plan Republic of Colombia operational authorities in addition to employment; in addition to (13) SOF back upwardly to Syrian fighters.
Key Findings
Common Factors That Affected the Decisions in addition to Outcomes of the Cases Studied
Identify whether a propitious policy window exists.
Understand in addition to leverage established processes to initiate proposals in addition to pursue objectives.
A proposal is virtually probable to succeed if evolution is rigorous in addition to its heart is externally validated.
Map stakeholders in addition to contain them from the start to solicit input in addition to encourage buy-in.
Cultivate networks in addition to advocates at all levels inwards the stakeholder community.
Provide subject-matter expertise to Congress in addition to railroad train relationships alongside staff through authorized engagements.
Address bureaucratic rivalry alongside deliberate strategies that advance whole-of-government synergy in addition to avoid zero-sum outcomes.
Pursue incremental alter every bit business office of a long-range plan.
Recommendations
Develop "plain English" explanations of particular operations terminology in addition to narrative. Rather than money novel doctrinal terms, this written report recommends using patently linguistic communication for broad audiences, inwards detail relying on such readily understandable broad damage every bit particular operations, indigenous in addition to partnered approaches, in addition to precision targeting.
Further railroad train the human relationship betwixt SOF in addition to the Central Intelligence Agency in addition to reframe the comport of unconventional warfare (UW). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 cooperative approach readily suggests itself, which is that these forces taste the greatest success if they combine efforts inwards the comport of UW. The historical tape besides suggests that virtually often, the President volition prefer to authorize a UW mission nether Title l authorities every bit a covert functioning via a presidential finding.
Prepare SOF to interact at the policy level. Perhaps the virtually of import unmarried focus of attending for Army SOF, considering the effects it could withdraw maintain for all other SOF activities, would hold out revisions to its personnel, leader development, in addition to educational activity practices to permit, motivate, in addition to leverage SOF interagency noesis in addition to experience.
Emphasize pathways to excogitation in addition to excellence. The nature of particular operations, alongside a premium on flexibility of formations in addition to agility inwards approaches, necessitates non entirely innovative cloth solutions but innovative idea leadership.
Research conducted by
RAND Army Research Division
This query was sponsored past times the United States Army Special Operations Command in addition to conducted past times the Strategy, Doctrine, in addition to Resources Program inside the RAND Arroyo Center.
This written report is business office of the RAND Corporation query written report series. RAND reports acquaint query findings in addition to objective analysis that address the challenges facing the populace in addition to individual sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for query character in addition to objectivity.
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